Designing a Novel Peptide-Based Multi-Epitope Vaccine to Evoke a Robust Immune Response against Pathogenic Multidrug-Resistant Providencia heimbachae

Abstract

Providencia heimbachae, a Gram -ve, rod-shaped, and opportunistic bacteria isolated from the urine, feces, and skin of humans engage in a wide range of infectious diseases such as urinary tract infection (UTI), gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. This bacterium belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family and can resist antibiotics known as multidrug-resistant (MDR), and as such can be life-threatening to humans. After retrieving the whole proteomic sequence of P. heimbachae ATCC 35613, a total of 6 non-homologous and pathogenic proteins were separated. These shortlisted proteins were further analyzed for epitope prediction and found to be highly non-toxic, non-allergenic, and antigenic. From these sequences, T-cell and B-cell (major histocompatibility complex class 1 and 2) epitopes were extracted that provided vaccine constructs, which were then analyzed for population coverage to find its reliability worldwide. The population coverage for MHC-1 and MHC-2 was 98.29% and 81.81%, respectively. Structural prediction was confirmed by validation through physiochemical molecular and immunological characteristics to design a stable and effective vaccine that could give positive results when injected into the body of the organism. Due to this approach, computational vaccines could be an effective alternative against pathogenic microbe since they cover a large population with positive results. In the end, the given findings may help the experimental vaccinologists to develop a very potent and effective peptide-based vaccine.

Identification of Bacterial Strains and Development of anmRNA-Based Vaccine to Combat Antibiotic Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus via In Vitro and In Silico Approaches

“…The simulations’ results showed that the response could generate memory cells and chemokines that stimulate B-cell and humoral reactions. The effective use of molecular dynamics simulations and the accuracy of computational tools has been confirmed previously [ 44 , 45 , 46 ]. Indicators such as macrophages and dendritic cells also showed signs of memory cell formation.…”

Immunoinformatics Approach to Design Multi-Epitope-Based Vaccine against Machupo Virus Taking Viral Nucleocapsid as a Potential Candidate

“…This study, exploiting the NP’s nature has targeted the protein for the evaluation of potential T-cell and B-cell restricted epitopes. Similar methods have been utilized to form multi-epitope [ 13 ] and mRNA-based vaccines [ 42 , 43 ] for several other health issues recently.…”

Immunoinformatic Execution and Design of an Anti-Epstein–Barr Virus Vaccine with Multiple Epitopes Triggering Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses

“…The finalized epitopes were aligned with the help of linkers (to maintain the individual epitope domains), an adjuvant (to improve the entry and immunogenicity of the vaccine candidate), and an additional peptide for cell penetration of the construct. Previous studies by Sanchez et al (2021) [23] and [24] were followed to design the construct.…”