Designing Atomic Active Centers for Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysts

Lei, Yongpeng; Wang, Yuchao; Liu, Yi; Song, Chao; Li, Qian; Wang, Dingsheng; Li, Yadong

doi:10.1002/anie.201914647

Cited by 318 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 240 publications

(329 reference statements)

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“…So far, SACs with at least 20 different metals (e.g., Ru, Ir, Mo, Fe) have been synthesized for diverse reactions. [32] These metal atoms can act as highly electrocatalytically active sites when coordinated with support materials (e.g., the nanocarbons and metal oxides shown in Figure 3d). Their high catalytic activities is often due to the strong metal-support interactions, which tune the local coordination environment, tailor the electronic transfer from the metal atoms to the support materials, and optimize the chemisorption energies of reaction intermediates.…”

Section: Active Sites Of Single-atom Electrocatalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Active Site Engineering in Porous Electrocatalysts

et al. 2020

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between electrical and chemical energy to store off-peak electricity produced from these resources. The opportunities relate to the fact that electrocatalytic reactions can be employed to convert these excess and off-peak electricity into chemical bonds in molecules. A fascinating prospect is the utilization of renewable electricity for the conversion of abundant resources such as H 2 O, N 2 , and CO 2 into synthetic fuels such as hydrogen, ammonia, hydrocarbons, and alcohols under ambient conditions (Figure 1). Through the reverse processes, clean electricity can be generated from the products, for example, via hydrogen-, ammonia-, or alcohol-powered fuel cells, ultimately resulting in a closed water cycle, nitrogen cycle, or carbon cycle. Hydrogen production via electrocatalytic water splitting, which may enable the hydrogen economy, is a notable example to these. [2] At present, the annual hydrogen production worldwide exceeds more than 65 million tons, mainly for industrial uses such as petroleum refining and ammonia synthesis. Unfortunately, most of the hydrogen is produced from fossil fuels through steam methane reforming and coal gasification and is accompanied by large emission of the greenhouse gas CO 2. Producing hydrogen from water using renewable electricity provides a green and sustainable pathway for future hydrogen energy cycle. In a similar vein, renewable energy-powered electrocatalysis of CO 2 and N 2 reduction produces high-value fuels or fine chemicals such as formic acid (HCOOH), carbon monoxide (CO), methanol (CH 3 OH), and ammonia (NH 3) under ambient conditions. [3] The use of these renewable fuels (e.g., hydrogen and alcohols), instead of petroleum-based fuels, for transportation applications is receiving unprecedented attention because the former are more environmentally friendly and sustainable. Fuel cell technologies based on these fuels can reliably supply electrical energy and are, thus, highly desired for running emerging electric vehicles. [4] To realize the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle described above, the central reactions are the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), the CO 2 reduction reaction (CO 2 RR), and the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), as well as the oxygenrelated reactions, including the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which are important half reactions in electrolyzers and fuel cells, respectively. In these energy conversion processes, electrocatalysts are indispensable. The desired electrocatalysts should both Electrocatalysis is at the center of many sustainable energy conversion technologies that are being developed to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels. The past decade has witnessed significant progresses in the exploitation of advanced electrocatalysts for diverse electrochemical reactions involved in electrolyzers and fuel cells, such as the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), the CO 2 reduction reaction (CO 2 RR), the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), and the oxyge...

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Section: Active Sites Of Single-atom Electrocatalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Active Site Engineering in Porous Electrocatalysts

et al. 2020

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“…[ 1–8 ] The development of excellent electrocatalysts is the key to improve the performance of the water splitting reaction by accelerating the reaction kinetics of both the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). [ 9–16 ] Among the various excellent electrocatalysts, Ru and its oxide‐based catalysts have shown great potentials in the HER and OER fields, respectively, because they have suitable binding energies of hydrogen and oxygen, respectively. [ 17–24 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ar/H₂/O₂‐Controlled Growth Thermodynamics and Kinetics to Create Zero‐, One‐, and Two‐Dimensional Ruthenium Nanocrystals towards Acidic Overall Water Splitting

Chen

2021

Adv Funct Materials

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A gas controlled formation strategy is developed to synthesize free‐standing 0D Ru nanoparticles, 1D Ru nanowires, and 2D Ru nanosheets through in‐situ regulated growth thermodynamics and kinetics with typical inert, reductive, and oxidative gases (Ar/H2/O2). The growth process of these Ru nanoparticles, nanowires, and nanosheets follow non‐directional growth, shape‐directed nanoparticle attachment, and directional growth mechanisms, respectively. Kinetics studies approve that H2 accelerates the reduction rate of the Ru precursor, while O2 depresses the reduction. The calculation results of the Gibbs surface free energy under different gas coverage further show that small molecules’ gas can effectively regulate the surface state and growth rate. These Ru nanocrystals exhibit excellent acidic water splitting performance. This work has systematically studied the influence of the small molecule gas on the formation process of the Ru nanocrystals, and provides an effective idea for the development and research of high‐performance nanomaterials in the future.

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“…The amount of CO and CH 4 produced in the reaction is shown in Figure 8. Photo‐/electrocatalytic performance of WO 3 depends on several factors such as morphological engineering (shape, size, crystallinity, porosity), [70] doping, [71] compositing with other materials [72] …”

Section: Applications Of Porous Wo3 Nano‐/microstructuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porous Tungsten Oxide: Recent Advances in Design, Synthesis, and Applications

Bentley

Desai

Bastakoti

2021

Chemistry A European J

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Tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) has received ever more attention and has been highly researched over the last decade due to its being a low-cost transition metal semiconductor with tunable, yet widely stable, band gaps. This minireview briefly highlights the challenges in the design and synthesis of porous WO 3 including methods, precursors, solvent effects, crystal phases, and surface activities of the porous WO 3 base material. These topics are explored while also drawing a connection of how the morphology and crystal phase affect the band gap. The shifts in band gap not only impact the optical properties of tungsten but also allow tuning to operate on different energy levels, which makes WO 3 highly desirable in many applications such as supercapacitors, batteries, solar cells, catalysts, sensors, smart windows, and bioapplications.

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Designing Atomic Active Centers for Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysts

Cited by 318 publications

References 240 publications

Active Site Engineering in Porous Electrocatalysts

Active Site Engineering in Porous Electrocatalysts

Ar/H₂/O₂‐Controlled Growth Thermodynamics and Kinetics to Create Zero‐, One‐, and Two‐Dimensional Ruthenium Nanocrystals towards Acidic Overall Water Splitting

Porous Tungsten Oxide: Recent Advances in Design, Synthesis, and Applications

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Designing Atomic Active Centers for Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysts

Cited by 318 publications

References 240 publications

Active Site Engineering in Porous Electrocatalysts

Active Site Engineering in Porous Electrocatalysts

Ar/H2/O2‐Controlled Growth Thermodynamics and Kinetics to Create Zero‐, One‐, and Two‐Dimensional Ruthenium Nanocrystals towards Acidic Overall Water Splitting

Porous Tungsten Oxide: Recent Advances in Design, Synthesis, and Applications

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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Ar/H₂/O₂‐Controlled Growth Thermodynamics and Kinetics to Create Zero‐, One‐, and Two‐Dimensional Ruthenium Nanocrystals towards Acidic Overall Water Splitting