Designing Biomass Rice Husk Silica as an Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of Biofuel Additive n-Butyl Levulinate

Priya, A. Selva; Devi, K.R. Sunaja

doi:10.1007/s12155-020-10128-5

Cited by 11 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 44 publications

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“…A plausible reaction pathway for the levulinic acid esterification with n-butanol over a Preysslertype heteropolyacid is proposed in Scheme 1, considering the experimental findings, and reported literature. 92,93 In the beginning, a carbocation is generated by the adsorption of the carbonyl group of levulinic acid on the catalyst (step 1). After that, the nucleophilic OH group of n-butanol attacks the carbocation in the liquid phase (step 2).…”

Section: Pseudohomogeneous Reversible Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levulinic Acid Esterification with n-Butanol over a Preyssler Catalyst in a Microwave-Assisted Batch Reactor: A Kinetic Study

Gallego-Villada,

Alarcón,

Cerrutti

et al. 2023

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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A Preyssler-type heteropolyacid supported on silica, synthesized and characterized by FTIR, was tested for levulinic acid (LA) esterification with n-butanol under microwave-assisted batch reaction conditions. The optimal conditions were found to be 40 mg of catalyst, a 5:1 n-butanol/LA molar ratio at 160 °C and 3 h, resulting in 77% conversion with 100% selectivity. The catalytic effect was observed at low temperatures (100 °C), and the microwave effect was observed at high temperatures (160 °C). Yield to levulinate was improved (82%) with CuSO 4 as a dehydrating agent. A kinetic study using a pseudohomogeneous reversible model (PH, E Forward = 31.60 kJ mol −1 and E Reverse = 11.53 kJ mol −1 ) and a Eley−Rideal model (ER, E = 31.06 kJ mol −1 ) provided the best fitting to the experimental data. The Preyssler-based catalyst has potential for sustainable synthesis of n-butyl levulinate, a promising fuel additive and can be used at least five times without a loss of activity.

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Section: Pseudohomogeneous Reversible Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levulinic Acid Esterification with n-Butanol over a Preyssler Catalyst in a Microwave-Assisted Batch Reactor: A Kinetic Study

Gallego-Villada,

Alarcón,

Cerrutti

et al. 2023

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Process optimisation and kinetic study for esterification of levulinic acid and n‐butanol using sulfonated titania–zirconia heterogeneous catalyst

Veluturla,

Kottam,

et al. 2023

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

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BackgroundButyl levulinate (BL) was produced by the esterification of levulinic acid (LA) and n‐butanol (BOH) using a sulfonated nanocomposite of titania–zirconia as catalyst. A full factorial design was employed for studying the effects of reaction time, mole ratio and catalyst loading on LA conversion.ResultsThe synthesised catalyst was subjected to various characterisation techniques such as X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurements, thermogravimetric analysis, temperature‐programmed desorption and scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X‐ray analysis indicating the presence of a nanocrystalline structure with good surface area and good stability at the operating temperature. The experimental data were analysed using the response surface method, and a complete quadratic regression model was built. The LA conversion was 85.37% for the optimised reaction conditions of 1:7 mole ratio, a catalyst loading of 1 wt% and a reaction time of 5 h at 110 °C. Based on the Langmuir–Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson model, a kinetic model was developed. The activation energy was found to be 20.4 ± 0.8 kJ mol−1 from an Arrhenius plot. Reusability and leaching results are also reported.ConclusionThe catalyst exhibited good reusability and stability. Sulfonated TiO2–ZrO2 used to catalyse the reaction between LA and BOH to produce BL has proved to be a good candidate as a green catalyst. The results presented play an important part in directing subsequent research and commercialisation activities aimed at valorising LA to fuel additive. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

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Biomass Torrefaction for the Production of High-Grade Solid Biofuels: a Review

Olugbade

Ojo

2020

Bioenerg. Res.

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Designing Biomass Rice Husk Silica as an Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of Biofuel Additive n-Butyl Levulinate

Cited by 11 publications

References 44 publications

Levulinic Acid Esterification with n-Butanol over a Preyssler Catalyst in a Microwave-Assisted Batch Reactor: A Kinetic Study

Levulinic Acid Esterification with n-Butanol over a Preyssler Catalyst in a Microwave-Assisted Batch Reactor: A Kinetic Study

Process optimisation and kinetic study for esterification of levulinic acid and n‐butanol using sulfonated titania–zirconia heterogeneous catalyst

Biomass Torrefaction for the Production of High-Grade Solid Biofuels: a Review

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