“…min(P enalties BW (k, n, w), I(w)) P enalties(k, n, w) < 1 P enalty M P D (k, n, w) P enalties(k, n, w) ≥ 2 P enalties(k, n, w) Otherwise (15) In order to leverage the 2x term in P enalties, we define a Max Penalty Density (P enalty M P D ), eq. (16a).…”