Designing road vehicles for pedestrian protection

Crandall, Jeff

doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7346.1145

Cited by 133 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Finally, improving on-board technologies and the design of cars (bumper, hood, windshield) are other means of improving the safety of older pedestrians (Jermakian, 2011; for a review, see Crandall et al, 2002).…”

Section: Ergonomic Design Of Road Environments and Carsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of safety and mobility issues among older pedestrians

Tournier

Dommès²,

Cavallo³

2016

Accident Analysis & Prevention

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a b s t r a c tAlthough old people make up an extremely vulnerable road-user group, older pedestrians' difficulties have been studied less extensively than those of older drivers, and more knowledge of this issue is still required. The present paper reviews current knowledge of older-adult problems with the main components of pedestrian activity, i.e., walking and obstacle negotiation, wayfinding, and road crossing. Compared to younger ones, old pedestrians exhibit declining walking skills, with a walking speed decrease, less stable balance, less efficient wayfinding strategies, and a greater number of unsafe road crossing behaviors. These difficulties are linked to age-related changes in sensorial, cognitive, physical, and self-perception abilities. It is now known that visual impairment, physical frailty, and attention deficits have a major negative impact on older pedestrians' safety and mobility, whereas the roles of self-evaluation and self-regulation are still poorly understood. All these elements must be taken into consideration, not only in developing effective safety interventions targeting older pedestrians, but also in designing roads and cars. Recent initiatives are presented here and some recommendations are proposed.

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Section: Ergonomic Design Of Road Environments and Carsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of safety and mobility issues among older pedestrians

Tournier

Dommès²,

Cavallo³

2016

Accident Analysis & Prevention

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“…Ova rješenja od devedesetih godina prošlog vijeka serijski se ugrađuju u motorna vozila i neprestano dalje usavršavaju. Savremena istraživanja pokazuju izvjesnu efikasnost ovih unapređenja na modernim automobilima [1,2,[4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Većina ovih studija je eksperimentalnog tipa u strogo kontrolisanim uslovima na lutkama ili kadaverima, često naručena i finansirana od bogatih automobiliskih korporacija, dok je manje istraživanja u realnim uslovima na terenu.…”

Section: Uvodunclassified

“…Komparacija težine povreda donjih ekstremiteta u ove dvije grupe pokazuje značajnu razliku u smislu težih povreda u grupi povrijeđenih starijim modelima automobila (Tabela 1, p=0,041). Ovakav rezultat je u skladu sa podacima koji ukazuju da savremena konstrukciona rješenja i upotreba plastičnih materijala na prednjim dijelovima automobila zaista djeluju protektivno na donje ekstremitete pješaka [2,4,9,[19][20][21][22]. S obzirom na mehanizam kolizije, očekivano, najčešće su registrovani prelomi potkoljeničnih kostiju, koji su dvostruko češći u grupi pješaka povrijeđenih starijim modelima motornih vozila.…”

Section: Diskusijaunclassified

Uticaj tehničkih unapređenja savremenih automobila na povrede donjih ekstremiteta pješaka

Nedić¹

2015

Biomedicinska istraž.

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Kratak sadržajUvod. U koliziji pješaka sa automobilom povrjeđivanje donjih ekstremiteta pješaka je skoro uobičajeno. Ove povrede, pored morbiditetnog, imaju i neprocjenjiv forenzički značaj. Izmjene u obliku i materijalima prednjih struktura savremenih automobila trebalo bi da djeluju protektivno na tijelo pješaka prilikom kolizije.Metode. Ispitivanjem je obuhvaćena grupa pješaka povrijeđenih modelima automobila konstruisanim do 1990. godine (grupa A, 46 pješaka) i grupa pješaka povrijeđenih modelima automobila konstruisanim poslije 1991. godine (grupa B, 51 pješak). Analizirane su učestalost i težina povrjeđivanja donjih ekstremiteta po grupama. Podjela povreda po težini izvršena ja na osnovu kriterijuma sadržanog u Krivičnom zakonu Republike Srpske i prema Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS).Rezultati. Povrede donjih ekstremiteta registrovane su u grupi A kod 84,8%, u grupi B kod 72,5% pješaka (p=0,144). Laku tjelesnu povredu zadobilo je 26,1% pješaka u grupi A, u grupi B 39,2% pješaka, dok je tešku tjelesnu povredu zadobilo 58,7% u grupi A, 33,3% pješaka u grupi B (p=0,041). AIS1 povrede donjih ekstremiteta imalo je 26,1% pješaka u grupi A, u grupi B 39,2% pješaka, AIS2 povrede 52,2% u grupi A, 25,5% u grupi B, a AIS 3 povrede 6,5% u grupi A, 7,8% pješaka u grupi B (p=0,034).Zaključak. U slučaju čeonog naleta automobila na pješaka povrjeđivanje donjih ekstremiteta pješaka modelima automobila novije izrade manje je ekstenzivno u odnosu na povrjeđivanje starijim modelima motornih vozila.

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“…However, although in pedestrian crashes the final impact is almost always against the ground, many authors consider that most pedestrian injuries implicate the impact against the vehicle (Crandall et al 2002;Helmer et al 2010), as kinetic energy is greatest in the first impact.…”

Section: Study Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding factor 2, studies of the influence of vehicle type (Ballesteros et al 2004;Roudsari et al 2004) or shape on resulting lesions were likewise based on real-world crash data (Crandall et al 2002;Henary et al 2003;Mallory et al 2012;Martin et al 2011;Otte 1999); there have also been studies using simulations, which have the advantage of being able to take body kinematics after impact into account (Crocetta et al 2015;Gupta and Yang 2013;Han et al 2012;Okamoto et al 2003). Impact against the ground or secondary obstacles has been less studied, mainly due to lack of precise observations and the wide variety of possible obstacles (Badea-Romero and Lenard 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pedestrian fatality and impact speed squared: Cloglog modeling from French national data

Martin

2017

Traffic Injury Prevention

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Objective: The present study estimates pedestrians' risk of death according to the impact speed when hit by a passenger car in a frontal collision. Methods:Data were coded for all fatal crashes in France in 2011 and for a random sample of 1/20 th of all road injuries for the same year, and weighted to take account of police under-reporting of mild injury. A cloglog model was used to optimize risk adjustment for high collision speeds. The fit of the model on the data was also improved by using the square of the impact speed, which best matches the energy dissipated in the collision. Results:Modeling clearly demonstrated that the risk of death was very close to 1 when impact speeds exceeded 80 km/h. For speeds less than 40 km/h, as data representative of all crashes resulting in injury were used, the estimated risk of death was fairly low. However, although the curve seemed deceptively flat below 50 km/h, the risk of death in fact rose 2-fold between 30 and 40 km/h and 6-fold between 30 and 50 km/h. For any given speed, the risk of death was much higher for more elderly subjects, especially over 75 years of age.These results concern frontal crashes involving a passenger car. Collisions involving trucks are far less frequent, but half result in the pedestrian being run over, incurring greater mortality. Conclusions:For impact speeds below 60 km/h, the shape of the curve relating probability of death to impact speed was very similar to those reported in recent rigorous studies. For higher impact speeds, the present model allows the curve to rise ever more steeply, giving a much better fit to observed data. The present results confirm that, when a pedestrian is struck by a car, impact speed is a major risk factor, thus providing a supplementary argument for strict speed limits in areas where pedestrians are highly exposed.

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Designing road vehicles for pedestrian protection

Cited by 133 publications

References 3 publications

Review of safety and mobility issues among older pedestrians

Review of safety and mobility issues among older pedestrians

Uticaj tehničkih unapređenja savremenih automobila na povrede donjih ekstremiteta pješaka

Pedestrian fatality and impact speed squared: Cloglog modeling from French national data

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