Designing Tactile Cues: Factors Affecting Perceived Salience and Recognition

Mortimer, Bruce J. P.; Elliott, Linda R.; Miller, Louis C.

doi:10.1109/toh.2020.2969668

Cited by 3 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…[22][23][24][25][26] Nevertheless, designing an effective encoding scheme that would allow a high throughput of information via the tactile communication channel is still an open challenge. 1,27 Electrode matrices integrate multiple conductive pads (stimulation points) of different shapes, sizes and pad configurations. This is an attractive solution to achieve highbandwidth tactile communication since the messages can be communicated as spatial patterns.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies indicated that the messages encoded by combining spatial and temporal characteristics of the stimuli, e.g., using sequential activation of channels, were more discernable than the messages encoded considering only the spatial location 22–26 . Nevertheless, designing an effective encoding scheme that would allow a high throughput of information via the tactile communication channel is still an open challenge 1,27 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several patterns can be constructed with only a few spatially arranged pads, and thus, many messages can be conveyed to the user. 1,14,[27][28][29] Despite the large surface of the skin, the most sensitive areas (e.g., hands, inner portion of the legs, or face) are usually impractical for conveying haptic information. 30 In recent years, wearable tactile devices placed on the torso have gained attention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each message can be associated with a specific “shape” (e.g., horizontal or vertical line) produced by activating the corresponding subset of pads in the matrix (e.g., first row or first column of pads). Several patterns can be constructed with only a few spatially arranged pads, and thus, many messages can be conveyed to the user 1,14,27–29 . Despite the large surface of the skin, the most sensitive areas (e.g., hands, inner portion of the legs, or face) are usually impractical for conveying haptic information 30 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Encoding of spatial patterns using electrotactile stimulation via a multi‐pad electrode placed on the torso

Jure

Spaich

Malešević³

et al. 2022

Artificial Organs

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Background Tactile stimulation can be used to convey information to a user in different scenarios while avoiding overloading other senses. Tactile messages can be transmitted as spatial patterns, potentially allowing for a high information throughput. The aim of the present study was to design and test different encoding schemes to determine the best approach for conveying spatial patterns. Methods Encoding schemes with simultaneous (SIM) and sequential pad activation (SEQ) were evaluated, including four SEQ variants designed to potentially facilitate the recognition. In SEQ‐col and SEQ‐row, the column and row of the activated pad were signified using different frequencies, while SEQ‐all and SEQ‐all‐fast included the activation of all pads where those belonging to the pattern were indicated by changes in frequency (ON pads). The success rate (SR) of the pattern identification and the response time were quantified in 15 participants who recognized 20 patterns delivered through a 3 × 2 pad matrix placed on the lateral torso. Results SIM was not a feasible method to present the patterns (median, 15%; IQR, 5%). The SR improved with SEQ (median, 60%; IQR, 20%) and further increased with additional cues, particularly with SEQ‐row (median, 78.3%; IQR, 23.3%) and SEQ‐all (median, 96.7%; IQR, 5%). Importantly, the stimulation time of SEQ‐all could be decreased without a substantial drop in accuracy (SEQ‐all‐fast: median, 89.2%; IQR, 19.2%). Conclusions The spatiotemporal stimulation with sequential activation of all pads (SEQ‐all) seems to be the method of choice when conveying tactile messages as spatial patterns. This is an important outcome for increasing the information bandwidth of communication through the tactile channel.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Encoding of spatial patterns using electrotactile stimulation via a multi‐pad electrode placed on the torso

Jure

Spaich

Malešević³

et al. 2022

Artificial Organs

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show abstract

“…24 Building upon this reasoning, Mortimer and collaborators investigated different concomitant tasks, reporting that not all tasks interfered with the identification of haptic messages, speculating that tasks with high cognitive load may lead to low identification rates. 25 Engaging in multiple activities simultaneously can generally impair the performance of all involved activities due to the intrinsic limitations of the nervous system when processing concomitant information. [26][27][28][29][30] It was suggested that with prolonged training, the identification of haptic messages during dual-tasking might improve.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving electrotactile communication with a multi‐pad electrode under cognitive load

Jure,

Spaich,

Petrini

et al. 2023

Artificial Organs

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BackgroundElectrotactile systems are compact interfaces that can be used to convey information through the skin by producing a range of haptic sensations. In many applications, however, the user needs to perceive and interpret haptic stimulation while being engaged in parallel activities. Developing methods that ensure reliable recognition of electrotactile messages despite additional cognitive load is, therefore, an important step for the practical application of electrotactile displays.MethodsThis study investigated if a simple strategy of repeating electrotactile messages can improve message identification during multitasking. Ten participants identified 36 spatiotemporal electrotactile messages delivered through a 3 × 2 pad–matrix electrode placed on the torso while performing a concomitant cognitive task in three conditions: the messages were presented once (No‐REP), and each message was repeated three (REP3) and five (REP5) times. The main outcome measure was the success rate (SR) of message identification.ResultsDuring multitasking, in the No‐REP condition, the SR (median (IQR)) dropped to 56.25% (22.62%), demonstrating that the cognitive task decreased performance. However, the SR significantly improved with message repetitions, reaching 72.92% (21.87%) and 81.25% (18.66%) in REP3 and REP5 conditions respectively, without a statistically significant difference between REP3 and REP5.ConclusionsMultitasking affected the efficacy of haptic communication, but message repetition was shown to be an effective strategy for improving performance. Additionally, only three repetitions were enough, as an additional increase in the duration of message transmission (5 repetitions) did not lead to further improvement. This study is an important step toward delivering electrotactile communication that can cope with the demands of real‐world applications.

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Human–robot Interaction

Chen

Barnes

2021

Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics

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Designing Tactile Cues: Factors Affecting Perceived Salience and Recognition

Cited by 3 publications

References 24 publications

Encoding of spatial patterns using electrotactile stimulation via a multi‐pad electrode placed on the torso

Encoding of spatial patterns using electrotactile stimulation via a multi‐pad electrode placed on the torso

Improving electrotactile communication with a multi‐pad electrode under cognitive load

Human–robot Interaction

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