“…This is also the case for a relatively new immigration country like Spain, where the general education disadvantage faced by the children of immigrants is already a well-documented regularity (Álvarez-Sotomayor and Martínez-Cousinou, 2020; Rahona and Morales, 2013). This inequality is reflected by different indicators: drop-out rates or schooling rates both in secondary and post-compulsory education (Bayona-i-Carrasco et al 2020; De Miguel Luken and Solana-Solana, 2017; Fullana et al, 2003; Serra and Palaudàrias, 2010), suitability rate 2 (Defensor Del Pueblo, 2003); grades (Álvarez-Sotomayor et al, 2018), learning difficulties at the end of primary education (Fullana et al, 2003), outcomes of assessments in primary education (Cebolla-Boado, 2014), and PISA results (Calero et al, 2009; Cebolla-Boado, 2008; Schnell and Azzolini, 2015; Zinovyeva et al, 2013).…”