Detailed Analyses of Ganzfeld Phenomena as Perceptual Events in Stimulus-Reductive Situations

Tsuji, Keiichiro; Hayashibe, Keikichi; Hara, Masatoshi; Kato, Yoshinobu

doi:10.1024/1421-0185.63.3.217

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Subjective reports of alterations referring to the visual experience of the Ganzfeld include emerging illusionary percepts, diminishing luminance, changes in color, appearance of structures such as moving shapes, dreamlike imagery with pseudohallucinatory quality, and so‐called “blank‐outs” (i.e., the temporary loss of vision) (Cohen, 1960; Schmidt & Prein, 2019; Tsuji, Hayashibe, Hara, & Kato, 2004; Wackermann et al, 2008; Wackermann, Pütz, Büchi, Strauch, & Lehmann, 2002). Changes in the auditory modality comprise illusionary percepts like sounds of machines, chirping birds, or water and even more complex percepts of voices or music (Schmidt & Prein, 2019; Wackermann et al, 2008).…”

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confidence: 99%

Red visual stimulation in theGanzfeldleads to a relative overestimation of duration compared to green

2020

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A Ganzfeld is a homogenized visual and auditory perceptual field which can induce altered states of consciousness (ASC; Metzger, 1929; Schmidt & Prein, 2019). Using a balanced intrasubject design, we compared participants' experience during two differently colored (red, green) 25‐min Ganzfeld sessions with brown noise as acoustic stimulation. Participants were exposed to the colored visual field through commercially available goggles and to brown noise over headphones. We selected 67 participants with some prior meditation experience to increase the probability that they would engage meaningfully with this specifically restricted stimulus situation. We tested the functional components of the standard cognitive model of time perception (Zakay & Block, 1997) in a path analysis for direct (red vs. green light) and indirect effects (arousal, attention) on subjective duration and perceived passage of time. Subjective arousal and valence states were measured using the Self‐Assessment Manikin (SAM). The amount of attention directed to time and the perceived passage of time were rated with standard visual analog scales (VAS). Participants also estimated the duration of each Ganzfeld exposure. The session with the red visual field lasted significantly longer than did the green session (μred = 23.1 min; μgreen = 19.8 min). After the green session, participants rated their arousal level to have significantly decreased; after the red session, individuals on average felt emotionally less positive. Multiple path analyses revealed that the effect of color on estimated duration is completely mediated through higher arousal levels during the red Ganzfeld session. In turn, the higher arousal level generates a longer subjective estimate of duration. For induction of relaxation in studies probing altered states of consciousness employing the Ganzfeld technique, we recommend using the green light.

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confidence: 99%

Red visual stimulation in theGanzfeldleads to a relative overestimation of duration compared to green

2020

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“…The results of these experiments are stark and have been known for many years (Solomon et al, 1957). After several minutes, participants begin to report affective, somatosensory, vestibular, and bodily perceptions (Tsuji et al, 2004), and even vivid, dream-like mental imagery (Pütz et al, 2006). These findings are consistent with the model: A control system is using shifts in attention and trial-and-error reorganization to develop and modify the functions that integrate diverse sensory inputs in order to maintain an intrinsic integration rate.…”

Section: Addressing Challenges To Face Validity Of the Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

An integrative control theory perspective on consciousness.

Mansell¹

2024

Psychological Review

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An integrative account of consciousness should have a number of properties. It should build upon a framework of nonconscious behavior in order to explain how and why consciousness contributes to, and addresses the limitations of, nonconscious processes. It should also encompass the primary (phenomenal), secondary (access), and tertiary (self-awareness) aspects of consciousness. A number of accounts have proposed a role for consciousness in the prediction of sensory input, yet these proposals do not address how organisms deal with multiple, unpredictable, disturbances to maintain control. According to perceptual control theory (PCT), purposiveness is the control of hierarchically organized perceptual variables via changes in output that counteract disturbances which would otherwise increase error between the current value and the reference value (goal state) of each perceptual variable. In PCT, reorganization is the process required for the adaptive modification of control systems in order to reduce the error in intrinsic systems that control essential, largely physiological, variables. The current article proposes that primary consciousness emerges from this system, and is sustained as secondary consciousness through a number of processes including the control of the integration rate of novel information via exploratory behavior, attention, imagination, and altering the mutation rate of reorganization. Tertiary consciousness arises when internally sustained perceptual information is associated with specific symbols that form a parallel, propositional system for the use of language, logic, and other symbolic systems. The hypotheses and initial research designs to test this account are provided.

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“…Altered states of Ganzfeld: A systematic review 4 Tsuji et al (2004) and Kübel et al (2020) recorded significant levels of increased or decreased self-awareness when red light was used. Additionally, red flashes on a blue background may be most effective when isolating photopic negative responses from the inner retina (Berezovsky et al, 2021;Rangaswamy et al, 2007).…”

Section: Multimodal Ganzfeld Experiments (Mmgf) Until Nowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered states of Ganzfeld: A systematic review

Roy

2022

Preprint

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The Ganzfeld experiment appears as a uniform and unstructured field that may measure altered states of consciousness. The experiment uses a dim light frequency projected on translucent eye covers combined with a static audio frequency emitted through a pair of headphones. Since altered states and alpha interactions appear in Ganzfeld studies, the hypothesis here states that they may be internally related. Therefore, the extraction filtered EEG data from combined stimulations of light and static sound for their implications on consciousness. The systematic search included PubMed, Scopus, Medline (OVID), and the Web of Science databases to gather data. Between January 2000 and January 2022, only four controlled trials studied the Ganzfeld-EEG stimulation. The results verify the role of alpha interactions during hallucination-like imagery. Furthermore, this review highlights a significant gap in Ganzfeld-induced altered states of consciousness research.

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Detailed Analyses of Ganzfeld Phenomena as Perceptual Events in Stimulus-Reductive Situations

Cited by 10 publications

References 15 publications

Red visual stimulation in theGanzfeldleads to a relative overestimation of duration compared to green

Red visual stimulation in theGanzfeldleads to a relative overestimation of duration compared to green

An integrative control theory perspective on consciousness.

Altered states of Ganzfeld: A systematic review

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