Detailed Analysis of Nonlinear Dielectric Losses in Proton Semiconductors and Dielectrics

Theoretical Studies of Nonlinear Relaxation Electrophysical Phenomena in Dielectrics with Ionic–Molecular Chemical Bonds in a Wide Range of Fields and Temperatures

“…In the last twenty years in the industry, hydrogen-bonded crystals (HBC)-based materials (and their composites) have been widely used in insulating and cable technology, capacitor technology (electrically controlled nonlinear capacitors), physicochemical technologies (solid state electrolytes), laser technology (regulators of laser radiation parameters and electric shutters), radio electronics, radio engineering (elements of radiation generators and microwave control systems), etc. [1,2].…”

“…Therefore, the imposition of an electric field on the crystal (directed along the crystal axis) leads to the diffusion motion of protons in the direction of field lines (proton conductivity). Thus, according to electrophysical properties, HBC are classified as proton semiconductors and dielectrics (PSCD) [1][2][3][4].…”

“…It possesses a relaxation nature and significantly depends on the parameters of the crystal structure, of the external electrical field (amplitude and frequency of EMF) and the selected temperature range. Polarization phenomena at low temperatures (50-100 K) appear as quantum polarization due to the tunneling motion of protons inside and between ions of the anion sublattice; at high temperatures (450-550 K), they appear as a nonlinear space charge polarization due to the mixed type of proton motion (both due to thermal activation and tunneling) [1].…”

“…The area of abnormally high nonlinearities is of special interest. It manifests in PSCD in the range of ultra-low (helium) temperatures (1-10 K) in the region of weak fields (100 kV/m-1000 kV/m) and the range of ultra-high temperatures (550-1500 K) in the region of strong fields (10 MV/m-1000 MV/m) ( [1], p. 43; [2], p. 74). Conditions of this type can be defined as extreme for the operation of the heterogeneous functional elements of process circuits of electrical (instrumentation, computer, etc.)…”

“…and power (insulation coatings of current removal elements of electric generators and transformers of thermal power plants) plants and systems ( [3], p. 7). The practical use and scientific practical significance of the non-linear elements based on PSCD are detailed more in ( [1], pp. [41][42] and pertain to space technologies, nanotechnologies and high-voltage technology [3,4].…”