Detecting sleep using heart rate and motion data from multisensor consumer-grade wearables, relative to wrist actigraphy and polysomnography

Abstract

Study Objectives Multisensor wearable consumer devices allowing the collection of multiple data sources, such as heart rate and motion, for the evaluation of sleep in the home environment, are increasingly ubiquitous. However, the validity of such devices for sleep assessment has not been directly compared to alternatives such as wrist actigraphy or polysomnography (PSG). Methods Eight participants each completed four nights in a sleep laboratory, equipped with PSG and several wearable devices. Registered polysomnographic technologist-scored PSG served as ground truth for sleep–wake state. Wearable devices providing sleep–wake classification data were compared to PSG at both an epoch-by-epoch and night level. Data from multisensor wearables (Apple Watch and Oura Ring) were compared to data available from electrocardiography and a triaxial wrist actigraph to evaluate the quality and utility of heart rate and motion data. Machine learning methods were used to train and test sleep–wake classifiers, using data from consumer wearables. The quality of classifications derived from devices was compared. Results For epoch-by-epoch sleep–wake performance, research devices ranged in d′ between 1.771 and 1.874, with sensitivity between 0.912 and 0.982, and specificity between 0.366 and 0.647. Data from multisensor wearables were strongly correlated at an epoch-by-epoch level with reference data sources. Classifiers developed from the multisensor wearable data ranged in d′ between 1.827 and 2.347, with sensitivity between 0.883 and 0.977, and specificity between 0.407 and 0.821. Conclusions Data from multisensor consumer wearables are strongly correlated with reference devices at the epoch level and can be used to develop epoch-by-epoch models of sleep–wake rivaling existing research devices.

Multi-Night Validation of a Sleep Tracking Ring in Adolescents Compared with a Research Actigraph and Polysomnography

“…Previous validation studies involving the Oura ring showed that it performs comparably with research-grade actigraphs, over single nights of study in predominantly Caucasian participants. 19 , 20 As prior work suggests that age, BMI, biological sex, skin tone and hair follicle density are important factors when it comes to accuracy and generalizability of wearable studies based on HR and motion sensors, it is important to consider these factors and assess replicability in an East Asian sample. 21 , 22 …”

Wearable monitoring of sleep-disordered breathing: estimation of the apnea–hypopnea index using wrist-worn reflective photoplethysmography

“…rPPG-based devices can extract cardiorespiratory parameters, such as heart rate variability (HRV) and surrogates of respiratory activity 13 – 15 . They have been shown to be able to assess sleep architecture in healthy and disordered populations 16 – 19 . As such, they constitute an attractive candidate for objective unobtrusive OSA monitoring.…”

An Optimal Time for Treatment—Predicting Circadian Time by Machine Learning and Mathematical Modelling

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