“…Both methods test the null hypothesis that regression coefficients of a linear regression are constant over time against an alternative hypothesis that coefficients change over time due to extraneous factors. The CUSUM and MOSUM tests have been applied to detect temporal changes in areas of land use and land cover, hydrology, and national economic indicators (de Jong, Verbesselt, Zeileis, & Schaepman, 2013;Ghosh, 2009;Olmo, Pilbeam, & Pouliot, 2011;Tiwari, Shahbaz, & Islam, 2012;Verbesselt, Hyndman, Newnham, & Culvenor, 2010;Verbesselt, Zeileis, & Herold, 2012;Vogl & Lopes, 2009;Webb, Kathuria, & Turner, 2012). For this study, we used the MOSUM of recursive residuals (defined by Equations 1 to 4) because it is more sensitive to temporarily unstable parameters than CUSUM.…”