“…While there are many studies that use AMI data as the basis of algorithmic development, we only identified three studies that focus on AMI monitoring, as opposed to the data product produced by AMI. Muhammetoglu et al (2020) examine smart water meters with a low sampling rate for a 6 month period to monitor and identify leakage in public places (schools, graveyards, public toilets, parks, and universities). Li and Chong (2019) suggest the design of a wireless smart meter that does not require an external power supply, instead using a water turbine generator that both senses flow and generates electricity.…”
Section: Analysis Of Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Strategies are primarily targeted toward household efficiency and grid-level efficiency. Exceptions are two studies which examine leakage in non-residential municipal water users (Muhammetoglu et al, 2020;Patabendige et al, 2018) and a study which discusses alternative water supply development in the form of smart rainwater harvesting (Ramsey et al, 2020). At the household level, studies focus on implementing and interpreting household smart water meter data and identifying household-level leaks.…”
Section: Goal 1 Responds To Water Scarcitymentioning
This study examines how research on smart water is contributing to climate-resilient municipal water systems around the globe. We identify smart water research trends over time, relationships with climate adaptation and mitigation goals, and applicability to places with developed or developing water and electrical infrastructure. To do so, we systematically review the literature, identifying research on Information Communication Technology-enabled technologies related to water supply, wastewater, and stormwater management. We assess the relationship between each study and climate adaptation and mitigation objectives: managing greater variation in water quantity, leading to scarcity and increased stormwater; managing declining water quality; and low-carbon water systems. We find 96 relevant studies and identify five major categories of research addressing climate adaptation and mitigation: monitoring, modeling, system design, system feedbacks, and uptake and implementation. We find there is a recent acceleration in smart water research, with a concentration of studies focused on modeling. There is an emphasis on water efficiency using data from Advanced Metering Infrastructure, which is most applicable to cities with developed water grids and consistent electrical supplies. Secondarily, there is a concentration of work using distributed sensors for early detection of water quality degradation, which is being done in all municipal contexts. There is far less research on uptake and implementation of smart approaches, especially at the institutional level. In addition, there is relatively little work that explicitly relates smart water technologies to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. While smart water approaches are applicable everywhere, there is a need to for expanded focus on areas without developed water grids or consistent electricity for smart water to meaningfully contribute to Sustainable Development Goal 6.
“…While there are many studies that use AMI data as the basis of algorithmic development, we only identified three studies that focus on AMI monitoring, as opposed to the data product produced by AMI. Muhammetoglu et al (2020) examine smart water meters with a low sampling rate for a 6 month period to monitor and identify leakage in public places (schools, graveyards, public toilets, parks, and universities). Li and Chong (2019) suggest the design of a wireless smart meter that does not require an external power supply, instead using a water turbine generator that both senses flow and generates electricity.…”
Section: Analysis Of Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Strategies are primarily targeted toward household efficiency and grid-level efficiency. Exceptions are two studies which examine leakage in non-residential municipal water users (Muhammetoglu et al, 2020;Patabendige et al, 2018) and a study which discusses alternative water supply development in the form of smart rainwater harvesting (Ramsey et al, 2020). At the household level, studies focus on implementing and interpreting household smart water meter data and identifying household-level leaks.…”
Section: Goal 1 Responds To Water Scarcitymentioning
This study examines how research on smart water is contributing to climate-resilient municipal water systems around the globe. We identify smart water research trends over time, relationships with climate adaptation and mitigation goals, and applicability to places with developed or developing water and electrical infrastructure. To do so, we systematically review the literature, identifying research on Information Communication Technology-enabled technologies related to water supply, wastewater, and stormwater management. We assess the relationship between each study and climate adaptation and mitigation objectives: managing greater variation in water quantity, leading to scarcity and increased stormwater; managing declining water quality; and low-carbon water systems. We find 96 relevant studies and identify five major categories of research addressing climate adaptation and mitigation: monitoring, modeling, system design, system feedbacks, and uptake and implementation. We find there is a recent acceleration in smart water research, with a concentration of studies focused on modeling. There is an emphasis on water efficiency using data from Advanced Metering Infrastructure, which is most applicable to cities with developed water grids and consistent electrical supplies. Secondarily, there is a concentration of work using distributed sensors for early detection of water quality degradation, which is being done in all municipal contexts. There is far less research on uptake and implementation of smart approaches, especially at the institutional level. In addition, there is relatively little work that explicitly relates smart water technologies to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. While smart water approaches are applicable everywhere, there is a need to for expanded focus on areas without developed water grids or consistent electricity for smart water to meaningfully contribute to Sustainable Development Goal 6.
“…All the installed meters are volumetric and C-type. The flow characteristics (minimum (Q1), transitional (Q2), nominal (Q3), and maximum (Q4) flow rates) of the installed smart water meters are presented in Table 2 , whereas further details and technical aspects of the meters are given elsewhere (Muhammetoglu et al, 2020 ). Fig.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This research study aims to examine the post meter leakages in public places during the COVID-19 pandemic and to assess the impacts of the taken measures on the consumption and leakage rates of water. A previous study conducted by the authors before the COVID-19 pandemic showed significant volumes of post meter leakages in public places (Muhammetoglu et al, 2020). This paper presents a novel comparative study for water consumption and post meter leakages during the implementation of COVID-19 prevention measures at public places using smart metering.…”
Adequate, secure, and sustainable water supply gained utmost importance as an essential public service during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this research study is to investigate impacts of the protective measures taken for the COVID-19 pandemic on water consumption and post meter leakages in public places. A total of 22 pilot study sites (PSS) representing schools, graveyards, parks, mosques, public toilets, a university building, and a sport facility were chosen to apply this study. The PSS were equipped with smart meters with different sizes that were capable of measuring the flow rates at short intervals of 15 min. The flow rates were continuously monitored at the PSS for more than 1 year before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019 and 2020. Post meter leakages were determined based on the minimum night flow (MNF). The monitoring results showed a considerable decrease (42%) in the total flow rates at public places because of the lockdown measures, but excessive post meter leakages (72% of total flow rates) were also observed. Additionally, the decrease in flow rates adversely affected measuring accuracy of the meters and thereby increased the apparent water losses. Control of post meter leakages and selection of appropriate size of meters are important for efficient use of urban water. Water and energy savings besides reduction in greenhouse gas emissions are the main environmental benefits of leakage control. The use of smart technologies contributes to efficient and sustainable management of urban water demand, but raising public awareness for conservation of water is essential.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10661-022-09913-w.
“…Algumas propostas de detecção de vazamentos nos consumidores visam a instalação de hidrômetros inteligentes (smart meters) para medir o consumo e enviar os dados via rede de telefonia móvel para o consumidor ou para a concessionária de água [5]. Um artigo interessante neste tópico é o de Britton et al (2013), no qual os autores reforçam a importância do desenvolvimento de sistemas de monitoramento para prevenção a vazamentos e apresentam um relato real da substituição de hidrômetros antigos por hidrômetros inteligentes.…”
The rational use of water is essential to development and economic growth. Data from United Nations (UN) indicates that until 2050 will occur a more significant water scarcity due to the increasing demand for it in emerging countries, mainly with the populational growth of these locals. A conscious consumption by society can softy this effect preserving natural reserves and increasing water security. This premise is used to support the development of this work, which proposes the creation of a low-cost computational system that detects water leakages in residences using Internet of Things concepts. The system includes data acquisition, transmission, processing, and finally displays the information to the user. Empirical assessments about the data transmitting process and a comparison of different architectures and leakage detection techniques are in development to demonstrate proposal viability. The project presents the prototype tested in a real environment.
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