“…Remote sensing technology and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been widely developed and applied globally to research, monitor, and track LULC changes. Remote sensing satellites are the most-used data source to detect, quantify, and map both current land use and LULC changes because of their ability to collect multitemporal spatial data in the form of precisely geolocated, high-resolution images to which a range of processing techniques can be applied (Lu et al, 2004;Yang et al, 2019;Thien et al, 2022a). Many change detection techniques have been developed and used to monitor changes in LULC from remotely sensed data, such as vegetation index differences, image disparity, post-classification comparison, and principal component analysis (Lu et al, 2004;Afify, 2011).…”