Detection and biologic characterization of infectious HIV-1 in semen of seropositive men

Vernazza, Pietro; Eron, Joseph J.; Cohen, Myron S.; Horst, Charles M. van der; Troiani, Luigi; Fiscus, Susan A.

doi:10.1097/00002030-199409000-00017

Cited by 93 publications

(49 citation statements)

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“…Other studies have also reported that the presence of HIV DNA in semen is not related to the CD4 ϩ cell count or disease status (198,213). Indeed, although HIV-1 is more common in the semen of men with advanced HIV-1 infection and seminal leukocytosis, it can also be isolated from the semen of men with neither of these conditions (16,342). Furthermore, men with HIV-1 infection are already potentially infectious through sexual relations during the first few weeks after infection (329).…”

Section: Human Immunodeficiency Virus Typementioning

confidence: 99%

“…A comparison of HIV-1 gp120 sequences from five recent seroconverters with those from their corresponding sexual partners (transmitters) revealed that in each couple studied, the variant transmitted corresponded to a minor population in the semen of the transmitter, providing evidence that HIV-1 selection occurs during sexual transmission (360). Protease gene sequences also differ in semen and blood (55,165), as do viral phenotypes (342) and the ratio of infected to uninfected leukocytes (165). Further evidence of viral compartmentalization is provided by the following observations: the lack of association between the culturability of the virus in semen and viral RNA levels in blood, the discordant distributions of viral phenotypes, the discordant viral RNA levels, the absence of correlation between viral RNA levels in semen and CD4 ϩ cell counts in blood, differences in the biological variability of viral RNA levels, and differences in viral load following antiretroviral treatment (75).…”

Section: Human Immunodeficiency Virus Typementioning

confidence: 99%

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Viruses in the Mammalian Male Genital Tract and Their Effects on the Reproductive System

Dejucq

Jégou

2001

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

289

220

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This review describes the various viruses identified in the semen and reproductive tracts of mammals (including humans), their distribution in tissues and fluids, their possible cell targets, and the functional consequences of their infectivity on the reproductive and endocrine systems. The consequences of these viral infections on the reproductive tract and semen can be extremely serious in terms of organ integrity, development of pathological and cancerous processes, and transmission of diseases. Furthermore, of essential importance is the fact that viral infection of the testicular cells may result not only in changes in testicular function, a serious risk for the fertility and general health of the individual (such as a fall in testosteronemia leading to cachexia), but also in the possible transmission of virus-induced mutations to subsequent generations. In addition to providing an exhaustive account of the data available in these domains, this review focuses attention on the fact that the interface between endocrinology and virology has so far been poorly explored, particularly when major health, social and economical problems are posed. Our conclusions highlight the research strategies that need to be developed. Progress in all these domains is essential for the development of new treatment strategies to eradicate viruses and to correct the virus-induced dysfunction of the endocrine system

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Section: Human Immunodeficiency Virus Typementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Human Immunodeficiency Virus Typementioning

confidence: 99%

Viruses in the Mammalian Male Genital Tract and Their Effects on the Reproductive System

Dejucq

Jégou

2001

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

289

220

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of HIV-1 are also important for efficient transmission (12,13,31). The male genital tract represents a unique compartment, since mutations conferring resistance to antiviral drugs, changes in the viral envelope, and/or other characteristics can differ in HIV-1 sequences recovered from blood and semen (5,7,8,11,28,32). The amount of HIV-1 (cell free and cell associated) in semen can vary widely between different men (4,7,25) and can vary over time in each man (16).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Genital Tract Inflammation on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 V3 Populations in Blood and Semen

Ping

Cohen

Hoffman

et al. 2000

J Virol

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We have examined cell-free viral populations in the blood plasma and seminal plasma compartments of men infected with subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) using the V3-specific heteroduplex tracking assay (V3-HTA). We studied two cohorts of subjects who had visited either a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic for genital tract inflammation in the form of urethritis (n ‫؍‬ 43) or a dermatology clinic (controls, n ‫؍‬ 14) in Malawi. We have previously shown that the presence of urethritis is associated with an eightfold increase in virus load in the seminal plasma compartment (M. S. Cohen et al., Lancet 349:1868-1873, 1997). The purpose of this study was to determine whether genital tract inflammation and its treatment caused genetic instability in cell-free HIV-1 populations. In a cross-sectional analysis at study entry, three-fourths of the STD and control subjects had multiple V3 populations in their blood while 60% of the STD subjects and 79% of the control subjects had multiple V3 populations in their semen. Overall, one-fourth of all of the subjects showed discordance between results with blood and semen specimens when samples were compared for the presence and absence of subpopulations. When differences in the relative levels of abundance of bands were also taken into account, two-fifths of all of the subjects showed discordance between the compartments. Among the subset of subjects in whom multiple virus populations could be detected, half showed discordance between the compartments. There were no differences between STD and control cohorts for these comparisons of the compartments in this cross-sectional analysis at study entry. Longitudinal analysis of the viral populations from two separate clinic visits over 1 to 4 weeks showed that the complexity of each V3 population as measured by Shannon entropy was different in blood and semen at the two time points, indicating that the blood and semen constitute different compartments for HIV-1. The seminal plasma compartment was more dynamic than the blood plasma compartment for the STD subjects who were treated for urethritis, with changes being noted in the presence or absence of V3-HTA bands in the semen of 29% of these subjects but in the blood of only 9% of these subjects. However, the changes were generally small. Overall, our results suggest that 40% of male subjects show discordance between seminal and blood viral populations and that the complexity of each V3 population was different between the two compartments. Both of these results point to the partial independence of the seminal compartment as a viral niche within the body.

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“…First, HIV-1 in blood and the male genital tract (MGT) are genotypically and phenotypically distinct (Wainberg et al 1993;Kroodsma et al 1994;Vernazza et al 1994;Zhu et al 1996;Coombs et al 1998;Delwart et al 1998;Eron et al 1998). There are also pathogenetic differences with regard to syncytium-inducing potential , and structural differences in functional regions (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second, HIV-1 in semen may not originate solely from extravasation or transcytosis (spill-over) from blood, that is, there appears to be local production of unique virus within each compartment. During ART, infectious virus is detectable in semen but not in blood (Vernazza et al 1994;Coombs et al 1998), and, in untreated patients without sexually transmissible infections, semen VL is lower or undetectable VL compared with blood (Vernazza et al 1994(Vernazza et al , 1996(Vernazza et al , 1997a(Vernazza et al , b, 2000. Finally, the ability of ART to reduce the seminal VL rests on ARV penetration of semen .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of antiretroviral drugs for HIV-1 in the male genital tract: current data, limitations and implications for laboratory analysis

Chan

Ray

2007

Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

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Antiretroviral therapy has reduced the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV-1/AIDS in developed countries. Viral replication in blood plasma is suppressed by antiretroviral drugs, whereas virus in the male genital tract is genetically and phenotypically unique and may not be suppressed. This viral compartmentalization affects antiretroviral drug penetration of the male genital tract and capacity for antiretroviral therapy to reduce sexual transmission. The problem of having two distinct viral populations within any given individual is compounded by the fact that antiretroviral drugs penetrate semen to varying degrees. Incomplete suppression of genital tract virus may yield drugresistant virus and increase the risk of sexual transmission. This review critically appraises current studies of antiretroviral drug quantification in semen and suggests recommendations to address observed limitations.

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Detection and biologic characterization of infectious HIV-1 in semen of seropositive men

Cited by 93 publications

References 0 publications

Viruses in the Mammalian Male Genital Tract and Their Effects on the Reproductive System

Viruses in the Mammalian Male Genital Tract and Their Effects on the Reproductive System

Effects of Genital Tract Inflammation on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 V3 Populations in Blood and Semen

Quantification of antiretroviral drugs for HIV-1 in the male genital tract: current data, limitations and implications for laboratory analysis

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