Detection and characterization of benzimidazole resistance of Botrytis cinerea in greenhouse vegetables

Abstract

From 2003 to 2006, a total of 426 singleconidial isolates of B. cinerea collected from greenhouse vegetables in China were characterized for resistance to benzimidazole fungicides and diethofencarb according to inhibition of mycelial growth. Rapid development of double-resistance to benzimidazoles and diethofencarb was observed. Three types of benzimidazole-resistant isolates, Ben R1, Ben R2 and Ben R3 were detected. A new phenotype, Ben R3, which showed low level of resistance to benzimidazole fungicides and resistance to diethofencarb, was detected with frequencies of 6.8%, 10.0%, 13.2% and 12.4% from 2003 to 2006, respectively. Further studies indicated that Ben R3 was caused by a point mutation from GAG in sensitive(S) isolates to GTG at codon 198 in the β-tubulin gene, predicted to cause a change from glutamic acid to valine. Ben R3 isolates had comparable growth, sporulation and pathogenicity ability as isolates of other phenotypes but were more sensitive at lower temperatures.

Shift of sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea to azoxystrobin in greenhouse vegetables before and after exposure to the fungicide

“…In China, gray mold caused by B. cinerea has become one of the most economically important diseases, because it severely reduces the quantity and quality of greenhouse crops such as tomato, strawberry, eggplant, cucumber and pepper since the rapid development of protected cultivation over the last 20 years. The evolution of field resistance of B. cinerea to different classes of fungicides has been reported in China (Kang et al 2000;Zhang et al 2006aZhang et al , b, 2009Zhang et al , 2010. Therefore, assessment of a new chemical class of fungicides which have no crossresistance with botryticides in use is needed (Leroux et al 2002;Rosslenbroich and Stuebler 2000).…”

“…Collection of isolates for baseline sensitivity During epidemic time of gray mold between 2004 and 2006, a total of 213 single-conidial isolates were collected using the method described previously (Zhang et al 2007(Zhang et al , 2010 from 16 commercial greenhouses of vegetable crops (cucumber, tomato, eggplant and pepper) located in Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces. Ten to 20 isolates were collected from each greenhouse.…”

Detection of Botrytis cinerea field isolates with multiple fungicide resistance from table grape in Sicily

“…Based on the known complete sequence of the b-tubulin gene in B. cinerea (GenBank accession no. U27198), the PCR primer pair Bcb-F (5 0 -CACT-GAGGGTGCTGAGCTTGT-3 0 ) and Bcb-R (5 0 -AGCGGCCAT-CATGTTCTTA-3 0 ) was designed to amplify the b-tubulin gene fragment containing codons 198 and 200 relevant to identifying the isolates resistant to benzimidazoles (Zhang et al, 2010). The primers B1189/2346F (5 0 -CCCACTACCCCACACCTATG-3 0 ) and B1189/ 2346R (5 0 -ACAAGCATCGGTTTTGGAAC-3 0 ) were used to amplify the sdhB sequence and to determine the resistance of isolates to boscalid (De Miccolis Angelini et al, 2010).…”

Synthesis and biological activity of novel benzimidazole derivatives as potential antifungal agents

“…10) Benzimidazoles (especially carbendazim) have been and are still widely used to control varieties of fungal diseases, but their resistance problems may result in failure to control disease. 8,11) Studies have also proved that not only carbendazim but also thiabendazole shows serious resistance to some diseases. 7) Therefore, it is necessary to discover and develop novel agrochemicals that could overcome or minimize the side effects of agrochemicals that are currently used.…”