Detection and characterization of <i>Leptospira</i> spp. in dogs diagnosed with kidney and/or liver disease in Selangor, Malaysia

Rahman, Shahriar; Khor, Kuan Hua; Khairani-Bejo, Siti; Lau, Seng Fong; Mazlan, Mazlina; Roslan, Azri; Goh, Soon Heng

doi:10.1177/10406387211024575

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…51 Kidney and hepatic manifestations usually occur together, but occasionally are recognized in isolation. 52 Liver dysfunction results from disruption of hepatocyte intercellular junctions by spirochetes, with leakage of bile into the circulation which is reflected biochemically as a cholestatic hepatopathy. Pathogenic leptospires have direct cytotoxic effects on platelets, with platelet destruction and de-adherence noted in vitro.…”

Section: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Associations between infecting strain and clinical manifestations of disease have not been clearly identified 51 . Kidney and hepatic manifestations usually occur together, but occasionally are recognized in isolation 52 . Liver dysfunction results from disruption of hepatocyte intercellular junctions by spirochetes, with leakage of bile into the circulation which is reflected biochemically as a cholestatic hepatopathy.…”

Section: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Updated ACVIM consensus statement on leptospirosis in dogs

Sykes,

Francey,

Schuller

et al. 2023

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Since publication of the last consensus statement on leptospirosis in dogs, there has been revision of leptospiral taxonomy and advancements in typing methods, widespread use of new diagnostic tests and vaccines, and improved understanding of the epidemiology and pathophysiology of the disease. Leptospirosis continues to be prevalent in dogs, including in small breed dogs from urban areas, puppies as young as 11 weeks of age, geriatric dogs, dogs in rural areas, and dogs that have been inadequately vaccinated for leptospirosis (including dogs vaccinated with 2‐serovar Leptospira vaccines in some regions). In 2021, the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) Board of Regents voted to approve the topic for a revised Consensus Statement. After identification of core panelists, a multidisciplinary group of 6 experts from the fields of veterinary medicine, human medicine, and public health was assembled to vote on the recommendations using the Delphi method. A draft was presented at the 2023 ACVIM Forum, and a written draft posted on the ACVIM website for comment by the membership before submission to the editors of the Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. This revised document provides guidance for veterinary practitioners on disease in dogs as well as cats. The level of agreement among the 12 voting members (including core panelists) is provided in association with each recommendation. A denominator lower than 12 reflects abstention of ≥1 panelists either because they considered the recommendation to be outside their scope of expertise or because there was a perceived conflict of interest.

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Section: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Updated ACVIM consensus statement on leptospirosis in dogs

Sykes,

Francey,

Schuller

et al. 2023

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…16 Serological studies in flying foxes have suggested that the organism might also exist in these animals. 29 Serovar Javanica has been detected in dogs with clinical leptospirosis in Malaysia, 30 in healthy working 31 and stray 32 dogs in Malaysia and healthy 33 dogs in India. This serovar has been found serologically in four cases of human leptospirosis in Australia and in one healthy shelter dog in Yagoona, NSW in 2004.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological evidence of exposure of healthy dogs to Leptospira in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Griebsch,

Kirkwood,

Ward

et al. 2024

Aust Veterinary J

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In 2017, highly fatal canine leptospirosis emerged in Sydney, Australia. Based on results of microscopic agglutination testing (MAT), serovar Copenhageni appeared to be the most common causative serovar. Prior to this, no clinical cases had been reported since 1976. In a serosurvey of healthy dogs in Australian shelters in 2004, 2.4% of 431 New South Wales dogs had serological evidence of exposure to Copenhageni, the most prevalent serovar. The aim of this study was to estimate the current prevalence of Leptospira exposure and associated serovars in healthy Sydney dogs, previously unvaccinated against Leptospira. Serum samples from 411 healthy dogs in leptospirosis hotspots and neighbouring suburbs were collected before vaccination. MAT for 23 serovars was performed at the WHO Leptospirosis Reference Laboratory in Queensland, Australia. The overall seroprevalence was 4.1% (17/411) with low titres (1/50–1/200) detected. Eleven dogs were from known leptospirosis hotspots. Eight dogs were known to hunt rodents. One dog had been in contact with a leptospirosis positive dog 1 year prior. Serovar Topaz was the most prevalent serovar (n = 5) followed by serovars Australis (n = 4), Copenhageni (n = 4), Djasiman (n = 2), Cynopteri (n = 1), Javanica (n = 1), Medanensis (n = 1), and Pomona (n = 1). In conclusion, serological evidence of exposure of dogs in Sydney to Leptospira is low, but apparently has increased since 2004. Positive titres to serovars not previously reported to cause disease in dogs could be due to low virulence of those serovars or cross‐reactivity with other serovars.

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“…Polymerase chain reactions allow early detection of Leptospira with high sensitivity and specificity (30). Routinely, conventional PCR has been adopted to diagnose canine leptospirosis locally (32). To date, several qPCR methods have been described in human leptospirosis, and the superior usefulness of the qPCR as a diagnostic tool was demonstrated over the conventional PCR (8,29,39), but the validity of this technique has not been determined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Malaysia, conventional PCRs have been used routinely (16,21,32), but the utility of a qPCR assay in detecting pathogenic Leptospira spp. in dog samples has not been established locally.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TaqMan real-time PCR for detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in canine clinical samples

Rahman

Khor

Khairani-Bejo³

et al. 2023

Journal of Veterinary Research

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Introduction Canine leptospirosis has always been a differential diagnosis in dogs presenting with clinical signs and blood profiles associated with kidney and/or liver disease. The conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) provides diagnoses, but real-time PCR-based tests provide earlier confirmation and determine the severity of infection, especially in the acute stage, allowing early detection for immediate treatment decisions. To our knowledge, real-time PCR has not been routinely adopted for clinical investigation in Malaysia. This study evaluated TaqMan real-time PCR (qPCR) assays diagnosing leptospirosis and compared their applicability to clinical samples from dogs with kidney and/or liver disease against a conventional PCR reference. Material and Methods The qPCR assays were validated using existing leptospiral isolates. Whole blood and urine samples were analysed using a conventional PCR, LipL32(1) and LipL32(2) qPCRs and a microscopic agglutination test. The sensitivity and specificity of the qPCRs were determined. Results The LipL32(1) qPCR assay had more diagnostic value than the LipL32(2) qPCR assay. Further evaluation of this assay revealed that it could detect as low as five DNA copies per reaction with high specificity for the tested leptospiral strains. No cross-amplification was observed with other organisms. Analysing the clinical samples, the LipL32(1) qPCR assay had 100.0% sensitivity and >75.0% specificity. Conclusion The LipL32(1) qPCR assay is sensitive, specific and has the potential to be applied in future studies.

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Detection and characterization of Leptospira spp. in dogs diagnosed with kidney and/or liver disease in Selangor, Malaysia

Cited by 13 publications

References 48 publications

Updated ACVIM consensus statement on leptospirosis in dogs

Updated ACVIM consensus statement on leptospirosis in dogs

Serological evidence of exposure of healthy dogs to Leptospira in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

TaqMan real-time PCR for detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in canine clinical samples

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