Detection and comparison of Sapovirus, rotavirus and norovirus among infants and young children with acute gastroenteritis

Abstract

Background: Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) remains a global public health problem. Rotavirus (RV), norovirus (NoV) and Sapovirus (SV) are recognized as an important causes of AGE among children worldwide. However, there is no information about prevalence of Sapovirus infection in Iraq. Objective: To assess the frequency of SV, RV and NoV in children with AGE, also to determine the risk factors associated with the disease. Methods: A cross section study was carried out for 93 children under the age of five years old with AGE who attended to the Emergency Department of Pediatrics in Al-Batool Teaching Hospital for Maternity and Children in Baqubah city, Iraq, using real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) to determine the presence of human Sapovirus nucleic acid and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to evaluate the presence of human rotavirus and human norovirus antigens. Results: The positive samples of SV were (6.5%). And the positive samples of RV and NoV were (79.6%) and (1.1%), respectively. Statistically, RV shows the higher positivity rate among viruses with significant difference (P<0.05). The present study showed that all SV and NoV cases were coinfected with RV. In addition, the present study showed that there was no statistically significant association between viruses positivity and the different sources of water, the level of mother education and clinical features (P>0.05). Conclusion: RV can be consider one of the most causes of diarrhea in children and more research are required to investigate the role of SV as a primary etiology of pediatric diarrhea.

Bocavirus and rotavirus co-infection in children with acute gastroenteritis and associated risk factors

“…The current study showed that there was no significant association between viral infection and sex, age, residency, mother education level, type of feeding and source of water that used to prepare milk, as shown in Table (2). This results consistence with [22], who reported that there was no significant association between RV infection and sex, mother education and water sources but a significant association was found between RV positivity and age. In addition, another study reported that no sex preference to acquired viral infection but RV-Ag was detected more in children less than 2 years of age [21].…”

“…A study carried by Abdulazeez et al, (2002) demonstrated that RV positivity represented the higher rate among other viruses (i.e. sapovirus and norovirus) and all other detected viruses had concurrent RV infection [22]. Prevalence of infectious diarrhea influenced by socioeconomic status i.e.…”

“…This study showed that RV-Ag was detected in 22 out of 93 (23.66%) of children under study. Other research performed locally showed that the rate of infection was 17% [20], 24% [21] in Baghdad province and 79.6% in Diyala-Iraq [22]. RV vaccine was reported to utilize in Iraq later in 2013 which contribute to reduce gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus [20].…”

First report of coinfection and whole‐genome sequencing of norovirus and sapovirus in an acute gastroenteritis patient from Pakistan

“…Symptomatically, the coinfection has a lot of similarity with the mono‐infection but the mixed infections in patients could lead to more severe gastrointestinal symptoms 49 . Interestingly, Abdulazeez et al 54 . has reported no significant association with disease severity.…”