Detection and Control of Dermatophytosis in Wild European Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) Admitted to a French Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre

Barzic, Cécile Le; Čmoková, Adéla; Denaes, Chloé; Arné, Pascal; Hubka, Vít; Guillot, Jacques; Risco-Castillo, Verónica

doi:10.3390/jof7020074

Cited by 20 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus Linnaeus, 1758) is a nocturnal insectivorous mammal with a wide distribution throughout Europe [22,34]. The hedgehog population has increased in urban areas, especially in cities [12,17]. Although hedgehogs spend most of the daylight hours sleeping and emerge at night to forage, interactions between hedgehogs and other animals and humans are on the rise nowadays [22,35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The widely reported factors that predispose to human dermatophytosis include improper hygiene, occlusive footwear, socioeconomic conditions, profession, animal breeding, diabetes mellitus, age, genetics, skin maceration, and immunocompromised status [7,9,10]. Moreover, contact with domestic and wild animals should also be considered a risk factor [11,12]. The changing natural environment is favourable for these animals to colonise sites located close to human life in cities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[21,22]. Furthermore, it is commonly known that European hedgehogs can also constitute an essential reservoir of dermatophytes, especially Trichophyton erinacei [12,16]. Nevertheless, the available information about the prevalence of dermatophytosis and carriage status in hedgehogs is based on a small dataset of free-ranging healthy hedgehogs or on a larger number of sick-injured hedgehogs in wildlife rescue centres.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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European Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus L.) as a Reservoir of Dermatophytes in Poland

et al. 2021

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The European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus Linnaeus) frequently colonises areas located close to human life in cities, as these are more suitable nest sites offering an abundance of food and allowing avoidance of predators. However, urbanisation has a significant impact on the epidemiology of infectious diseases, including dermatophytoses, the primary source of which are wild animals. In this study, we determined the spectrum of dermatophytes isolated from the European hedgehog and assessed their susceptibility profile to antifungal drugs. Symptomatic and asymptomatic dermatophyte infections were observed in 7.7% and 8% of the 182 examined free-living hedgehogs, respectively. In the pool of the isolated dermatophyte strains, Trichophyton erinacei was dominant (29.9%), followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes (17.9%), Trichophyton benhamiae (13.4%), Nannizzia gypsea (11.9%), Microsporum canis (10.4%), Nannizzia nana (7.5%), Paraphyton cookei (6.0%), and Nannizzia fulva (3.0%). Susceptibility tests revealed the highest activity of luliconazole and the lowest of activity fluconazole among the azole drugs applied. Although terbinafine generally exhibited high efficacy, two Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolates showed resistance to this drug (MIC = 2 µg/ml) resulting from missense mutations in the SQLE gene corresponding to the amino acid substitution Leu393Phe. Summarising, our study has also revealed that such wildlife animals as hedgehogs can be a reservoir of pathogenic human dermatophytes, including harmful strains resistant to commonly used antifungal drugs. Graphical Abstract

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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European Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus L.) as a Reservoir of Dermatophytes in Poland

et al. 2021

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“…benhamiae is an emerging pathogen in Europe mostly transmitted to humans from guinea pig [ 19 , 31 , 32 ]. Trichophyton erinacei , a pathogen of hedgehogs, is increasingly reported from human infections worldwide due to the growing interest of people in pet hedgehogs [ 33 , 34 , 35 ]. Another member of the T. benhamiae complex, T. persicum , was discovered as one of the major causes of zoonotic infections in Iran [ 36 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Outbreak of Trichophyton quinckeanum Zoonotic Infections in the Czech Republic Transmitted from Cats and Dogs

Lysková¹,

Dobiáš

Čmoková

et al. 2021

JoF

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Trichophyton quinckeanum, a zoophilic dermatophyte mostly known as the causative agent of rodent favus, is relatively rarely reported to cause human infections. Indeed, no infections were detected in Czechia between 2012 and 2015 despite routine verification of species identification by ITS rDNA sequencing. By contrast, 25 human and 11 animal cases of infection were documented from December 2016 to December 2020 and the rates tended to grow every following year. Interestingly, most of the cases were reported in the Olomouc region, suggesting a local outbreak. We bring the evidence that human T. quinckeanum infections are most commonly contracted from infected cats or, less frequently, dogs. Although rodents or contaminated soil and environment could be the source of infection to cats and dogs, the occurrence of infections in multiple animals in the same household suggests direct transmission among animals. Confirmation of the identification by molecular methods is highly recommended due to morphological similarity with T. mentagrophytes/T. interdigitale. Antifungal susceptibility testing of isolates to eight antifungals was performed using EUCAST methodology (E.Def 11.0). Among the tested antifungals, terbinafine, amorolfine, ciclopirox and efinaconazole were most potent in vitro and elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations were obtained for fluconazole and ketoconazole.

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“…erinacei strains seem to be quite rare but have been isolated in Africa, Europe, and North America during the past few decades [19,34]. Screening of 412 European hedgehogs at a wildlife center in Paris did not yield any strains of this genotype [35]. Identification to species level using MALDI-ToF MS was highly accurate for the species T. benhamiae (94% not considering variants), T. concentricum (98%), T. africanum (86%), T. bullosum (100%), and T. verrucosum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

A Polyphasic Approach to Classification and Identification of Species within the Trichophyton benhamiae Complex

Baert

Lefevere

D’hooge

et al. 2021

JoF

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In recent years, considerable advances have been made in clearing up the phylogenetic relationships within the Arthrodermataceae family. However, certain closely related taxa still contain poorly resolved species boundaries. Here, we tried to elucidate the species composition of the Trichophyton benhamiae species complex using a combined approach consisting of multi-gene phylogenetic analysis based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and beta-tubulin (BT) gene regions, morphological analysis, and spectral comparison using MALDI-ToF. We confirmed the existence of 11 different monophyletic clades within the complex representing either species or genetically distinct groups within species. MALDI-ToF spectrometry analysis revealed that most of these clades were readily distinguishable from one another; however, some closely related sister clades, such as T. europaeum and T. japonicum, were often misidentified as their counterpart. The distinct “yellow” and “white” phenotypes of T. benhamiae do not have a clear genetic basis and should thus be considered as different morphotypes of the same species. Strains traditionally considered T. benhamiae can be divided into three main clades: (i) T. benhamiae, (ii) T. europaeum/T. japonicum, and (iii) the phylogenetically distant T. africanum. While T. europaeum and T. japonicum are distinguishable based on their genotype, spectral and morphological analysis did not provide clear delimiting characteristics.

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Detection and Control of Dermatophytosis in Wild European Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) Admitted to a French Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre

Cited by 20 publications

References 37 publications

European Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus L.) as a Reservoir of Dermatophytes in Poland

European Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus L.) as a Reservoir of Dermatophytes in Poland

An Outbreak of Trichophyton quinckeanum Zoonotic Infections in the Czech Republic Transmitted from Cats and Dogs

A Polyphasic Approach to Classification and Identification of Species within the Trichophyton benhamiae Complex

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