Detection and disinfection of pathogens in storm-generated flows

O’Shea, Marie L.; Field, Richard

doi:10.1139/m92-045

Cited by 55 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In addition, since rivers and rainfall could introduce enteric pathogens from distant sources into coastal waters [21,22], it was believed that they contributed to the lakewater pollution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation of Salmonella and Shigella from fish harvested from the Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria, Kenya

Onyango¹,

Wandili²,

Kakai

et al. 2009

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Background: Human infections caused by pathogens transmitted from fish are quite common. The aim of this study was to isolate enteric pathogenic bacteria from fish that might be transmitted to humans after the handling or consumption of such fish. Methodology: One hundred and twenty Nile tilapia fish harvested using various fishing methods were collected from fishermen in five fish landing beaches within Winam Gulf and disinfected externally using 70% ethyl alcohol for 2 minutes then washed three times with autoclaved distilled water. Isolation of Salmonella and Shigella species from fish samples was performed using standard bacteriological procedures. Five milliliters of each fish tissue slurry was microbiologically analyzed for any Enterobacteriaceae. Twelve Nile tilapia collected from three open-air markets were analyzed for Enterobacteriaceae comparison as controls. Identification of Salmonella by using housekeeping genes and species-specific primers was performed. Results: Among 120 Nile tilapia, 63 (52.5%) were infected with Enterobacteriaceae. Out of these, 25 (39.7%) were Shigella spp, 9 (14.3%) Salmonella typhimurium, 7 (11.1%) S. typhi, 4 (6.3%) S. enteritidis, 16 (25.4%) Escherichia coli, 1 (1.6%) Proteus spp. and Enterobacter aerogenes respectively. Ten fish collected from open-air markets yielded E. coli (50%), S. typhimurium (20%), S. paratyphi (10%) and S. typhi (20%). Conclusion: Nile tilapia within Winam Gulf are infected by human enteric pathogens. Shigella spp., Salmonella and E. coli were the most frequently isolated, an indication that the beaches may be contaminated by untreated municipal sewage, runoff, and storm-water. S. typhimurium, S. typhi and S. enteritidis were the most common Salmonella isolates.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation of Salmonella and Shigella from fish harvested from the Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria, Kenya

Onyango¹,

Wandili²,

Kakai

et al. 2009

J Infect Dev Ctries

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show abstract

“…Undetected sanitary sewage infiltration into the storm sewer system might be a source of sanitary sewage contamination (26). Many beaches experience closing due to nonpoint runoff (20,24,38); however, epidemiology studies aimed at correlating indicator organism densities with illness are based on point source exposure (24).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Genetic Markers of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Lake Michigan and Determination of Their Relationship to Escherichia coli Densities Using Standard Microbiological Methods

Bower

Scopel

Jensen

et al. 2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Lake Michigan surface waters impacted by fecal pollution were assessed to determine the occurrence of genetic markers for Bacteroides and Escherichia coli. Initial experiments with sewage treatment plant influent demonstrated that total Bacteroides spp. could be detected by PCR in a 25-to 125-fold-higher dilution series than E. coli and human-specific Bacteroides spp., which were both found in similar dilution ranges. The limit of detection for the human-specific genetic marker ranged from 0.2 CFU/100 ml to 82 CFU/100 ml culturable E. coli for four wastewater treatment plants in urban and rural areas. The spatial and temporal distributions of these markers were assessed following major rain events that introduced urban storm water, agricultural runoff, and sewage overflows into Lake Michigan. Bacteroides spp. were detected in all of these samples by PCR, including those with <1 CFU/100 ml E. coli. Human-specific Bacteroides spp. were detected as far as 2 km into Lake Michigan during sewage overflow events, with variable detection 1 to 9 days postoverflow, whereas the cow-specific Bacteroides spp. were detected in only highly contaminated samples near the river outflow. Lake Michigan beaches were also assessed throughout the summer season for the same markers. Bacteroides spp. were detected in all beach samples, including 28 of the 74 samples that did not exceed 235 CFU/100 ml of E. coli. Human-specific Bacteroides spp. were detected at three of the seven beaches; one of the sites demonstrating positive results was sampled during a reported sewage overflow, but E. coli levels were below 235 CFU/100 ml. This study demonstrates the usefulness of non-culture-based microbial-source tracking approaches and the prevalence of these genetic markers in the Great Lakes, including freshwater coastal beaches.

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“…Floods may cause the overflow of wastewater treatment plants, failure of septic systems, or combined sewer overflows, which could contaminate nearby surface waters or wells. Furthermore, there is increasing concern about pathogens in storm water runoff (121). Maintaining sanitary water conditions is also an issue during drought conditions, when contaminants may become concentrated in available water.…”

Section: Waterbornementioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Global Climate on Infectious Disease: the Cholera Model

2002

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Recently, the role of the environment and climate in disease dynamics has become a subject of increasing interest to microbiologists, clinicians, epidemiologists, and ecologists. Much of the interest has been stimulated by the growing problems of antibiotic resistance among pathogens, emergence and/or reemergence of infectious diseases worldwide, the potential of bioterrorism, and the debate concerning climate change. Cholera, caused by Vibrio cholerae, lends itself to analyses of the role of climate in infectious disease, coupled to population dynamics of pathogenic microorganisms, for several reasons. First, the disease has a historical context linking it to specific seasons and biogeographical zones. In addition, the population dynamics of V. cholerae in the environment are strongly controlled by environmental factors, such as water temperature, salinity, and the presence of copepods, which are, in turn, controlled by larger-scale climate variability. In this review, the association between plankton and V. cholerae that has been documented over the last 20 years is discussed in support of the hypothesis that cholera shares properties of a vector-borne disease. In addition, a model for environmental transmission of cholera to humans in the context of climate variability is presented. The cholera model provides a template for future research on climate-sensitive diseases, allowing definition of critical parameters and offering a means of developing more sophisticated methods for prediction of disease outbreaks

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Detection and disinfection of pathogens in storm-generated flows

Cited by 55 publications

References 32 publications

Isolation of Salmonella and Shigella from fish harvested from the Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria, Kenya

Isolation of Salmonella and Shigella from fish harvested from the Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria, Kenya

Detection of Genetic Markers of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Lake Michigan and Determination of Their Relationship to Escherichia coli Densities Using Standard Microbiological Methods

Effects of Global Climate on Infectious Disease: the Cholera Model

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