“…To date, more than 100 species of microorganisms, most of which are pathogenic (e.g., Campylobacter , Salmonella , Listeria , Vibrio , Yersinia , and E.coli O157:H7) (Zhao, Zhong, Wei, Lin, & Ding, 2017), have been found to enter into the VBNC state in various food products, such as juices (Nicolo et al., 2011), dairy products (Barron, & Forsythe, 2007; Gunasekera, Sørensen, Attfield, Sørensen, & Veal, 2002), fruits and vegetables (Dinu, & Bach, 2011, 2013), poultry (Chen et al., 2019), and seafoods (Cao et al., 2019). During the processing, transport, and storage of food, the pathogens encounter various types of stressors from various procedures, such as cooking (high temperature), refrigeration (low temperature), fermentation and addition of acidic additives (low pH), and addition of salt (osmolarity) (Begley, & Hill, 2015).…”