Detection and Genetic Characterization of Enteroviruses Circulating among Wild Populations of Chimpanzees in Cameroon: Relationship with Human and Simian Enteroviruses

Harvala, Heli; Sharp, Colin; Ngole, Eitel Mpoudi; Delaporte, Eric; Peeters, Martine; Simmonds, Peter

doi:10.1128/jvi.02285-10

Cited by 69 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 33 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…From these fecal samples, four EV types (EV76, EV89, and EV119 in species A; EV111 and EV120 in species D) and a novel species B variant (EV110) were identified (16,17). However, as previously discussed (17), whether these represent endogenous infections in these species or have been acquired from contact with humans or monkeys remains unclear; remaining wild-living chimpanzee and gorilla populations are small and highly fragmented. The overall detection frequencies were however moderate (9 to 11%), and the populations sampled had minimal contact with human populations in sample collection areas.…”

mentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Finally, several mandrill-derived variants could be classified as members of the simian subgroup of species B, one corresponding to SA5 and the other to EV110, previously identified in chimpanzees from the same geographical area as the mandrill samples (Lomie [LM] in Fig. 1) (17).…”

Section: A) 5'utrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To estimate viral loads in EV-positive samples, samples were retested by real-time PCR calibrated using defined copy numbers of EV RNA transcripts (22). Additional primer sets were used to obtain sequence data from VP4 and VP1 region as described (Table S3B) (16,17). The amplification of VP1 required two sets of primers, which amplify overlapping regions from each species, and additional primers specific for the species B variant SA5 (as indicated in the primer name).…”

Section: Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

High Rates of Infection with Novel Enterovirus Variants in Wild Populations of Mandrills and Other Old World Monkey Species

Nguyen

Harvala

Ngole

et al. 2014

J Virol

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Enteroviruses (EVs) are a genetically and antigenically diverse group of viruses infecting humans. A mostly distinct set of EV variants have additionally been documented to infect wild apes and several, primarily captive, Old World monkey (OWM) species. To investigate the prevalence and genetic characteristics of EVs infecting OWMs in the wild, fecal samples from mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) and other species collected in remote regions of southern Cameroon were screened for EV RNA. Remarkably high rates of EV positivity were detected in M. sphinx (100 of 102 screened), Cercocebus torquatus (7/7), and Cercopithecus cephus (2/4), with high viral loads indicative of active infection. Genetic characterization in VP4/VP2 and VP1 regions allowed EV variants to be assigned to simian species H (EV-H) and EV-J (including one or more new types), while seven matched simian EV-B variants, SA5 and EV110 (chimpanzee). Sequences from the remaining 70 formed a new genetic group distinct in VP4/2 and VP1 region from all currently recognized human or simian EV species. Complete genome sequences were obtained from three to determine their species assignment. In common with EV-J and the EV-A A13 isolate, new group sequences were chimeric, being most closely related to EV-A in capsid genes and to EV-B in the nonstructural gene region. Further recombination events created different groupings in 5= and 3= untranslated regions. While clearly a distinct EV group, the hybrid nature of new variants prevented their unambiguous classification as either members of a new species or as divergent members of EV-A using current International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) assignment criteria. IMPORTANCEThis study is the first large-scale investigation of the frequency of infection and diversity of enteroviruses (EVs) infecting monkeys (primarily mandrills) in the wild. Our findings demonstrate extremely high frequencies of active infection (95%) among mandrills and other Old World monkey species inhabiting remote regions of Cameroon without human contact. EV variants detected were distinct from those infecting human populations, comprising members of enterovirus species B, J, and H and a large novel group of viruses most closely related to species A in the P1 region. The viral sequences obtained contribute substantially to our growing understanding of the genetic diversity of EVs and the existence of interspecies chimerism that characterizes the novel variants in the current study, as well as in previously characterized species A and J viruses infecting monkeys. The latter findings will contribute to future development of consensus criteria for species assignments in enteroviruses and other picornavirus genera.

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: A) 5'utrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

High Rates of Infection with Novel Enterovirus Variants in Wild Populations of Mandrills and Other Old World Monkey Species

Nguyen

Harvala

Ngole

et al. 2014

J Virol

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For many communal species with stable home ranges or roosting behaviors (including some bat species), feces are typically abundant, easy to spot, and, depending on location (not deep inside abandoned mines or caves), require no significant training to collect. Such collection techniques have already been employed for monitoring endangered (e.g., gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla ) (Etienne et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2010)) or elusive wildlife (e.g., chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ) (Harvala et al., 2011; Makuwa et al., 2005) and bats (Walker et al., 2016)), largely alleviating technical and logistic challenges in obtaining samples from free‐ranging populations (Stallknecht, 2007). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Guano exposed: Impact of aerobic conditions on bat fecal microbiota

Fofanov

Furstenau

Sanchez

et al. 2018

Ecology and Evolution

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Bats and their associated guano microbiota provide important terrestrial and subterranean ecosystem services and serve as a reservoir for a wide range of epizootic and zoonotic diseases. Unfortunately, large‐scale studies of bats and their guano microbiotas are limited by the time and cost of sample collection, which requires specially trained individuals to work at night to capture bats when they are most active. Indirectly surveying bat gut microbiota through guano deposits could be a more cost‐effective alternative, but it must first be established whether the postdefecation exposure to an aerobic environment has a large impact on the guano microbial community. A number of recent studies on mammalian feces have shown that the impact of aerobic exposure is highly species specific; therefore, it is difficult to predict how exposure will affect the bat guano microbiota without empirical data. In our study, we collected fresh guano samples from 24 individuals of 10 bat species that are common throughout the arid environments of the American southwest and subjected the samples to 0, 1, and 12 hr of exposure. The biodiversity decreased rapidly after the shift from an anaerobic to an aerobic environment—much faster than previously reported in mammalian species. However, the relative composition of the core guano microbiota remained stable and, using highly sensitive targeted PCR methods, we found that pathogens present in the original, non‐exposed samples could still be recovered after 12 hr of exposure. These results suggest that with careful sample analysis protocols, a more efficient passive collection strategy is feasible; for example, guano could be collected on tarps placed near the roost entrance. Such passive collection methods would greatly reduce the cost of sample collection by allowing more sites or roosts to be surveyed with a fraction of trained personnel, time, and effort investments needed.

show abstract

“…Recombination within the 5' UTR and the non-structural coding regions was also found among EV-A and EV-B members (within the same species) [129;134]. The frequency of recombination differs between EV species, being higher in EV-B species than in EV-A species [8] and very low in EV-D species [135,136].…”

Section: Recombination Of Enterovirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%