Detection and location of earthquakes in the Central Aleutian Subduction Zone using island and ocean bottom seismograph stations

Abstract

A network of eight University of Texas ocean bottom seismographs (OBS) operated for 6 weeks in 1978 about 50 km offshore of Adak Island, Alaska, and nearby islands. In 1979 a similar network of nine instruments was deployed for 7 weeks farther offshore within and up to 100 km seaward of the Aleutian trench. For shallow earthquakes on the outer trench slope, for shallow earthquakes in the thrust zone, and for intermediate‐depth events we have analyzed the OBS and island‐based network data and evaluated the island network's capabilities for earthquake detection and location and for focal mechanism determination. Our three major conclusions are presented. The first concerns shallow earthquakes on the outer trench slope. In 1979 about 30 earthquakes occurred within the Aleutian trench and up to 60 km seaward of the trench axis. The island network located none of these events and detected P phases for only three of them. Ray tracing shows that the islands lie in a geometric shadow zone for events on the outer trench slope. The best located events are shallower than 20 km and exhibit first motions consistent with normal faulting. Several authors have suggested that these events are caused by bending of the oceanic lithosphere at the outer rise prior to subduction. If so, then the event locations reported here show that the bending stresses exceed the strength of lithosphere only in a narrow zone extending about 10 km landward and 60 km seaward of the trench axis. The second conclusion concerns shallow earthquakes in the thrust zone. Epicenters determined by island stations alone are virtually identical to epicenters determined using data from both island and OBS stations. The locations are similar whether they are determined using flat‐layered velocity models or a more realistic model and a ray‐tracing scheme. Nearly all the earthquakes detected by the OBS network are also recorded by island stations. Three composite focal mechanism solutions that use data from both island and OBS stations have P axes parallel to the direction of plate convergence. The thrust zone events are separated from events on the outer trench slope by a gap in seismicity about 50 km wide situated on the inner trench slope. The third conclusion concerns earthquakes deeper than 70 km. Epicenters determined using island network stations alone lie 10 to 80 km south of those determined using OBS and island stations, with the differences between epicenters depending both on event depth and on the velocity model used. Ray tracing with a realistic velocity model shows that for events at 200‐km depth locations are about 80 km north of locations determined from island data alone. These results do not support the observed increase in the dip of the Benioff zone beneath 100‐km depth that is suggested by locations determined from island network data alone using a flat‐layered velocity model.

Teleseismic mislocation of earthquakes in island arcs - Theoretical results.

“…The results are essentially the same if the small station set is used. Figure 6 shows she mislocation vectors, which predict that teleseismic mislocations for events deeper than about 100 km are small (always less than 10 km) supporting previous findings (BARAZANGI and ISACKS, 1979;ENGDAHL et al, 1982;FROHLICH et al, 1982) which suggest that teleseismic locations of deep events in subduction zones are probably more accurate than local network solutions, even though they often show greater root-mean-square residuals than the local solutions (MCLAREN and FROHLICH, 1985).…”

“…This is because these earthquakes are sufficiently far from the land-based local network so that their seismic signals follow deeper paths through the lower parts of the lithosphere or inhomogeneous upper mantle. In particular, as noted by FROHLICH et al (1982) using seismic ray tracing, the Adak network is in a shadow zone for outer rise and trench earthquakes. In this study, we also seek to know if the slab affects events in this region.…”

“…Our study concerns the area near Adak Island, where a local seismic network has been in operation since late July, 1974. Local epicentral solutions for shallow thrust zone events near Adak are believed to be accurate to within a few kilometers (FROHLICH et al, 1982). Local network solutions for forearc and outer rise earthquakes are presumed to be less accurate than those of thrust zone events.…”

“…Clearly, understanding the geometry and Theological properties of descending lithosphere is intimately related to being able to accurately locate earthquakes occurring there. In recent years, data from local seismic networks has greatly improved our understanding of subducting slabs and their effects on ray paths HASE-GAWA et al, 1978;FROHLICH et al, 1982). Numerous studies have been performed to delineate slab structure by looking at how the high-velocity subducting lithosphere affects travel-times (SLEEP, 1973;HASEGAWA et al, 1978;FROHLICH et al, 1982;SPENCER and ENGDAHL, 1983;MCLAREN and FROHLICH, 1985).…”

The relationship between plate curvature and elastic plate thickness: A study of the Peru‐Chile Trench

“…Aleutians : Engdahl, 1977;Barazangi and Isacks, 1979b;Frohlich et al, 1982 Kurils: Sykes, 1966 Barazangi, 1977 Bonin: Carr et al, 1973;Katsumata and Sykes, 1969; Barazangi, 1977 Marianas: Katsumata andIsacks and Barazangi, 1977 Manila: Cardwell et al, 1980 Philippines: Cardwell et al, 1980 New Hebrides: Dubois, 1971Isacks and Barazangi, 1977; Pascal et al, 1979;Coudert et al, 1981 Tonga: Sykes, 1966Sykes et al, 1969;Mitronovas et al, 1969;Mitronovas and Isacks, 1971; Barazangi, 1977 Kermadec: Sykes, 1966; Barazangi, 1977 Middle America: Dewey andAlgermissen, 1974;Carr, 1976; Burbach et al, 1984 South America: Barazangi andIsacks, 1976;Barazangi and Isacks, 1979a …”