Detection and quantification of influenza C virus in pediatric respiratory specimens by real-time PCR and comparison with infectious viral counts

Matsuzaki, Yoko; Ikeda, Tatsuya; Abiko, Chieko; Aoki, Yoko; Mizuta, Katsumi; Shimotai, Yoshitaka; Sugawara, Kanetsu; Hongō, Seiji

doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2012.02.012

Cited by 27 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The viruses were all propagated in the amniotic cavity of 8-or 9-day-old embryonated hen eggs, and they were stored at Ϫ80°C until use for sequencing. The HE, NP, M, and/or NS gene sequences of some viruses had been determined in our previous studies (17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37). Nucleotide sequences determined in our laboratory and registered in DDBJ/GenBank were used for C/Ann Arbor/1/50 (38,39).…”

Section: Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Lineage and Reassortment of Influenza C Viruses Circulating between 1947 and 2014

Matsuzaki

Sugawara

Furuse

et al. 2016

J Virol

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Since influenza C virus was first isolated in 1947, the virus has been only occasionally isolated by cell culture; there are only four strains for which complete genome sequences are registered. Here, we analyzed a total of 106 complete genomes, ranging from the first isolate from 1947 to recent isolates from 2014, to determine the genetic lineages of influenza C virus, the reassortment events, and the rates of nucleotide substitution. The results showed that there are six lineages, named C/Taylor, C/Mississippi, C/Aichi, C/Yamagata, C/Kanagawa, and C/Sao Paulo. They contain both antigenic and genetic lineages of the hemagglutininesterase (HE) gene, and the internal genes PB2, PB1, P3, NP, M, and NS are divided into two major lineages, a C/Mississippi/80-related lineage and a C/Yamagata/81-related lineage. Reassortment events were found over the entire period of 68 years. Several outbreaks of influenza C virus between 1990 and 2014 in Japan consisted of reassortant viruses, suggesting that the genomic constellation is related to influenza C virus epidemics. The nucleotide sequences were highly homologous to each other. The minimum percent identity between viruses ranged from 91.1% for the HE gene to 96.1% for the M gene, and the rate of nucleotide substitution for the HE gene was the highest, at 5.20 ؋ 10 ؊4 substitutions/site/year. These results indicate that reassortment is an important factor that increases the genetic diversity of influenza C virus, resulting in its ability to prevail in humans. However, the antigenicity of the HE glycoprotein is highly stable, and antigenic drift has not occurred for at least 30 years. Here, we analyzed a total of 106 complete genomes spanning 68 years for the first time, and we found that influenza C viruses are circulating worldwide while undergoing reassortment as well as selection by herd immunity, resulting in an increased ability to prevail in humans. The results presented in this study contribute to the understanding of the evolution, including reassortment events, underlying influenza C virus epidemics. IMPORTANCE Influenza C virus is a pathogen that causes acute respiratory illness in children and

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Section: Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Lineage and Reassortment of Influenza C Viruses Circulating between 1947 and 2014

Matsuzaki

Sugawara

Furuse

et al. 2016

J Virol

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“…Amniotic inoculation of embryonated hen's eggs remains the most sensitive technique to isolate this virus; however, few clinical laboratories have this capability. Molecular assays for detection of this virus have been few and essentially based on end‐point or two‐step real‐time reverse‐transcriptase PCR (rt RT‐PCR) . Here, we report on the development of a one‐step rt RT‐PCR assay and its application to the detection of influenza C in a selected panel of respiratory samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of influenza C virus by a real‐time RT‐PCR assay

Wong

May-Hadford

et al. 2013

Influenza Resp Viruses

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BackgroundInfluenza C virus can cause both upper and lower respiratory tract infections and has been reported to be prevalent in children. However, these infections have been under‐diagnosed, and epidemiological data available are limited due to the lack of convenient detection assays.ObjectiveDesign and validate a real‐time reverse‐transcriptase PCR (rt RT‐PCR) assay for the detection of influenza C.Study designRespiratory samples from two primary settings, namely, children who were hospitalized or seen in the emergency department, and respiratory outbreaks for which no other viral etiology was found were used for the detection of influenza C.Results and ConclusionsThe assay was sensitive and specific for the detection of influenza C. Eleven of 474 (2·32%) patients, all less than 10 years of age, were positive for influenza C. The strains clustered into two lineages, namely C/Kanagawa and C/Sao Paulo, based upon sequencing of the hemagglutinin‐esterase gene. Epidemiological data showed that a higher proportion of influenza C infections occur in younger children and during the winter months. This is the first report of the detection of influenza C in Alberta, Canada, and suggests that the detection of this virus should be included in respiratory virus testing panels.

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“…Three types of influenza viruses, A, B, and C, have been identified and are known to infect humans . Although rare, influenza C viruses are believed to cause mild upper respiratory tract infections among children younger than 2 years . Influenza A and B are important causes of respiratory disease among all age groups, although traditionally the most severe cases occur among young children and the elderly .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza research in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: the current state and the way forward

Kayali

Webby

Samhouri

et al. 2013

Influenza Resp Viruses

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We searched published literature, surveillance data sources, and sequence databases to analyze the state of influenza virus research and to identify research gaps in the World Health Organization (WHO) Eastern Mediterranean Region. PubMed, Scopus, and other databases were searched for influenza publications and nucleotide sequences. WHO's FluNet was searched to determine virologic reporting from each country. We found that influenza research has increased in recent years with the emergence of H5N1 and pandemic H1N1. In some countries, influenza research is growing and is diversified, covering epidemiologic, veterinary, and basic science aspects. However, the volume and diversity of influenza research is low, especially in light of the burden of influenza in the region. To have contemporary and advanced research in the region, systematic surveillance in humans and animals, as well as at the human–animal interface, needs to be boosted. Surveillance data should then be used to answer more important epidemiologic, virologic, immunologic, and basic science questions.

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Detection and quantification of influenza C virus in pediatric respiratory specimens by real-time PCR and comparison with infectious viral counts

Cited by 27 publications

References 20 publications

Genetic Lineage and Reassortment of Influenza C Viruses Circulating between 1947 and 2014

Genetic Lineage and Reassortment of Influenza C Viruses Circulating between 1947 and 2014

Detection of influenza C virus by a real‐time RT‐PCR assay

Influenza research in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: the current state and the way forward

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