Detection and Seroprevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease in Sheep and Goats in Punjab, Pakistan

Ur-Rehman, Saif; Arshad, Muhammad; Hussaın, Iftikhar; Iqbal, Zahid

doi:10.1111/tbed.12194

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The country sero-prevalence of FMD in SR was found to be 22.5% similar to what has been reported in other countries where FMD is endemic [ 16 , 17 ]. It is however higher than that reported in Ethiopia, Israel, Libya and Sudan [ 8 , 9 , 11 , 12 , 18 ] but about half of what has been reported in Tanzania and Myanmar [ 14 , 19 , 20 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: Sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya

Chepkwony¹,

Gitao

Muchemi

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Kenya affecting cloven-hoofed ruminants. The epidemiology of the disease in small ruminants (SR) in Kenya is not documented. We carried out a cross-sectional study, the first in Kenya, to estimate the sero-prevalence of FMD in SR and the associated risk factors nationally. Selection of animals to be sampled used a multistage cluster sampling approach. Serum samples totaling 7564 were screened for FMD antibodies of non-structural-proteins using ID Screen® NSP Competition ELISA kit. To identify the risk factors, generalized linear mixed effects (GLMM) logistic regression analysis with county and villages as random effect variables was used. The country animal level sero-prevalence was 22.5% (95% CI: 22.3%-24.3%) while herd level sero-prevalence was 77.6% (95% CI: 73.9%-80.9%). The risk factor that was significantly positively associated with FMD sero-positivity in SR was multipurpose production type (OR = 1.307; p = 0.042). The risk factors that were significantly negatively associated with FMD sero-positivity were male sex (OR = 0.796; p = 0.007), young age (OR = 0.470; p = 0.010), and sedentary production zone (OR = 0.324; p<0.001). There were no statistically significant intra class correlations among the random effect variables but interactions between age and sex variables among the studied animals were statistically significant (p = 0.019). This study showed that there may be widespread undetected virus circulation in SR indicated by the near ubiquitous spatial distribution of significant FMD sero-positivity in the country. Strengthening of risk-based FMD surveillance in small ruminants is recommended. Adjustment of husbandry practices to control FMD in SR and in-contact species is suggested. Cross-transmission of FMD and more risk factors need to be researched.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: Sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya

Chepkwony¹,

Gitao

Muchemi

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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“…In this study the country sero-prevalence of FMD in SR was found to be 23.3% similar to what has been reported in other countries where FMD is endemic [41,42]. It is however higher than that reported in Ethiopia, Israel, Libya and Sudan [33,34,36,37,43] but about half of what has been reported in Tanzania and Myanmar [39,44,45].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya

Chepkwony

Gitao

Muchemi

et al. 2020

Preprint

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20All authors: ECC, GCG, GMM, AKS, SWK developed the research plan and methodology and 21 all discussed the results. GCG guided the whole process and provided constructive and 22 supportive insights. AKS provided FMD expertise. SKW, GMM and ECC curated, visualized 23 and analyzed the data. ECC and SWK sourced for funding and other resources, carried out the 24 investigation and wrote the original draft. All authors edited and approved the final draft. 25 2 26 Abstract 27 28Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Kenya affecting cloven-hoofed ruminants. 29The epidemiology of the disease in small ruminants (SR) is not documented. We carried out a 30 cross-sectional study, the first in Kenya, to estimate the sero-prevalence of FMD in SR and the 31 associated risk factors nationally. Selection of animals to be sampled used a multistage cluster 32 sampling approach. Serum samples totaling 7564 were screened for FMD antibodies of Non-33 Structural-Proteins using ID Screen ® NSP Competition ELISA kit. Data were analysed using 34 Statistical Package for Social Studies Version 20. To identify the risk factors, chi-square and 35logistic regression analyses were used. The country animal level sero-prevalence was 23.3% 36 (95% CI: 22.3-24.3%) while herd level sero-prevalence was 77.6% (95% CI: 73.9-80.9%). Sero-37 positivity was significantly higher in the pastoral zone (31.5%) than in the sedentary zone at 38 14.5% (χ2 =303.2, p<0.05). In the most parsimonious backward fitting logistic multivariable 39 regression, the only risk factors that were significantly positively associated with FMD sero-40 positivity in SR were multipurpose (OR=1.150; p=0.034) and dairy production types (OR=2.029; 41 p=0.003). Those that were significantly negatively associated with FMD sero-positivity were 42 male sex (OR=0.856; p=0.026), young age (OR=0.601; p=0.037), sedentary production zone 43 (OR=0.471; p<0.001), bringing in of SR (OR=0.838; p=0.004), purchase of SR from 44 market/middlemen (OR=0.877; p=0.049), no interaction with wildlife (OR=0.657; p<0.001), 45 mixed production type (OR=0.701; p=0.016), enclosure of SR day and night (OR=0.515; 46 p=0.001), migratory grazing system (OR=0.807; p=0.047), on-farm watering system (OR=0.724; 47 p=0.002), male-from-another-farm (OR=0.723; p=0.030) and artificial insemination (OR=0.357; 48 p=0.008) breeding methods. 49This study showed that there is widespread undetected virus circulation in SR indicated by 50 ubiquitous spatial distribution of significant FMD sero-positivity in the country. The risk factors 3 51 were mainly husbandry related. Strengthening of risk-based FMD surveillance in carrier SR 52 which pose potential risk of virus transmission to other susceptible species is recommended. 53Adjustment of husbandry practices to control FMD in SR and in-contact species is suggested. 54Cross-transmission and more risk factors need to be researched. 55 56

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“…The environment in which sheep and goats were raised was poor and represents a stress factor on the animals. Bad housing and the nutritional deficiency facilitate the spread of contagious diseases [ 38 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological investigation of some important RNA viruses affecting sheep and goats in Giza and Beni-Suef governorates in Egypt

et al. 2017

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Aim:The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of antibodies against foot and mouth disease (FMD), Peste des Petits ruminants (PPR), and bluetongue (BT) in sheep and goats within Giza and Beni-Suef governorates at the second half of 2016.Materials and Methods:A total of 300 animals (sheep and goats) randomly selected from small stocks with no history of previous vaccination against FMD virus (FMDV), PPR, or BT viruses (BTV) and examined with competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of FMD-non-structural protein, PPR, and BT antibodies.Results:Seroprevalence analysis revealed that antibodies against FMDV were 40.8% and 37.1% at Giza governorate, while at Beni-Suef governorate, the percent was 36.7% and 50% in sheep and goat, respectively. Antibodies against PPR were 63.8% in sheep and 45.7% in goats at Giza governorate, whereas the results for Beni-Suef governorate were 71.7% in sheep and 45% in goats. Antibodies against BT were 45% and 37% in sheep and goats, respectively, in Giza governorate, whereas the results for Beni-Suef governorate were 80% and 55% in sheep and goats, respectively. The average of BTV antibody prevalence was significantly higher in sheep (45% and 80%) than in goats (37% and 55%) in Giza and Beni-Suef, respectively. Statistical analysis for the three viruses showed the high relation between the two governorates in case of sheep (r=0.85) and in case of goats (r=0.87). In general, a strong positive correlation was observed between the governorates (r=0.93).Conclusion:Giza and Beni-Suef governorates are endemic with FMDV, PPR, and BTV. Regional plan for characterization and combating FMD, PPR, and BT is recommended to help in the achievement of the most suitable combination of the vaccine regimen.

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Detection and Seroprevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease in Sheep and Goats in Punjab, Pakistan

Cited by 21 publications

References 7 publications

Epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: Sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya

Epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: Sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya

Epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya

Serological investigation of some important RNA viruses affecting sheep and goats in Giza and Beni-Suef governorates in Egypt

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