Detection limits in quantitative off-axis electron holography

Ruijter, W.J. de; Weiss, J. K.

doi:10.1016/0304-3991(93)90196-5

Cited by 112 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The phase sensitivity and spatial resolution of off-axis electron holography have been discussed by de Ruijter & Weiss (1993), who suggested that a practical phase sensitivity of 2π/100 radians can be achieved by using digital recording and image processing. In magnetic samples, this sensitivity corresponds to a detectable signal from a ~6 nm particle with a magnetization similar to that of cobalt (1.8 T).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Digital recording is also convenient for subsequent computer image processing, including reconstruction of holograms. A phase sensitivity of 2π/100 can be achieved by the use of digital recording and processing (de Ruijter & Weiss, 1993), in place of the use of an optical bench as a Mach-Zender interferometer (Tonomura, 1992). …”

Section: Requirements For Off-axis Electron Holographymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electron Holography of Magnetic Materials

Kasama¹,

Dunin‐Borkowski²,

Beleggia³

2011

Holography - Different Fields of Application

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Requirements For Off-axis Electron Holographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Electron Holography of Magnetic Materials

Kasama¹,

Dunin‐Borkowski²,

Beleggia³

2011

Holography - Different Fields of Application

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“…It has thus to be distinguished from precision limitations in spatial and phase resolution in the instrumental acquisition procedure and the quantitative holographic phase reconstruction, which were discussed elsewhere. 4,5 The following discussion will be restricted to the extrinsic effects in holographic imaging experiments for indirect band-gap materials and focuses on general observations on the role of the sur- faces of the TEM samples and the observed potential map distortions in device structures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4,5 Artifacts related to sample imperfectness are also described in literature: surface charging and surface "dead layers" 2,3 had to be considered for a proper quantification of the pn-junction potential. Both factors are reported to be sensitive to specimen preparation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Illumination effects in holographic imaging of the electrostatic potential of defects andpnjunctions in transmission electron microscopy

2004

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Off-axis holography has successfully revealed the built-in potential in highly doped pn-junctions, making holographic phase retrieval in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) a prospective tool for imaging the electrostatic potential in a semiconductor sample or device. The effect of electron-hole pair generation during electron illumination and the presence of defect rich amorphized sample surfaces in a TEM sample on the electrostatic potential is investigated for the test case of an electrically active grain boundary and a pn-junction in silicon by numerical simulation. In the case of the grain boundary, the pair generation in the electron beam leads to significantly increased recombination currents into trap state defects. As a result, the trapped charge in the defects is decreased and the potential drop around the electrically active defect is considerably reduced, for electron-hole pair generation rates typically present in a TEM experiment even below the detection limit of holography. In the case of pn-junctions distorted potential maps are predicted for dopant densities smaller than 10 17 cm −3 .

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Electron Holography of Ferromagnetic Materials

McCartney

Smith

2007

Handbook of Magnetism and Advanced Magnetic Materials

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Electron holography in the transmission electron microscope provides a powerful approach for characterizing nanoscale ferromagnetic materials. By measuring the phase shift of an electron beam that has passed through the magnetic field of the sample, quantitative measurement at the nanometer scale can be achieved. Thus, the technique allows both visualization as well as quantification of magnetic fields with high spatial resolution and sensitivity. Off‐axis electron holography is the operating mode that is most commonly used. The theoretical basis and experimental geometry for the technique are described. Representative examples of a range of ferromagnetic materials are then described in more detail. Finally, prospects and problems for future developments are briefly discussed.

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Detection limits in quantitative off-axis electron holography

Cited by 112 publications

References 16 publications

Electron Holography of Magnetic Materials

Electron Holography of Magnetic Materials

Illumination effects in holographic imaging of the electrostatic potential of defects andpnjunctions in transmission electron microscopy

Electron Holography of Ferromagnetic Materials

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