Detection methods of carcinogens in estuaries: a review

Abstract

About 70% of all cancer deaths occur in low-and middle-income countries. Deaths from cancer worldwide are projected to continue to rise over 13.1 million by 2030. Research indicates that estuaries such as rivers and lakes contain various carcinogenic compounds. The carcinogens are transported from the release points to the intake points. To avoid this phenomenon from happening, fast and accurate detection of carcinogen concentrations in water is crucial. This paper presents a review of various detection methods of carcinogenic compounds in watercourses via biological, physical and chemical approaches. Descriptions of the biological procedures such as chromosomal aberration, Micronucleus assay, Ames test, Salmonella assay, SOS chromotest, Comet assay and organic extraction of XAD with blue rayon are discussed. Physical approaches have the integration of automated detections with science and engineering approaches, particularly sensors. Automated optical sensors, submersible ultraviolet fluorometer sensors, photoelectrochemical sensors with the detection of DNA damage and trihalomethanes sensors for the detection of carcinogenic compounds are also reviewed. Chemical approaches consist of the analysis of extraction, purification and identification of organic contaminants using high-technology equipments such as the atomic absorption spectrophotometer, high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Carcinogens can be identified accurately using an appropriate method chosen from the available alternatives. The evaluations of detection methods presented in this review are based on advantages and disadvantages, accuracy, speed and time factor of methods and experimental procedures by previous scholars. This review contributes as guidance to readers on existing methods within different fields and their exclusive applications on different types of carcinogens in water.

Determination and risk assessment of pharmaceutical residues in the urban water cycle in Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

“…Next, the NSAID concentration in the effluent vs river water model noted a significant difference because of the aqueous dilution from the effluent in the open aquatic ecosystem (Langat River), as well as the reclamation process by the physical factor (irradiation from sunlight) and biodiversity of the aquatic organisms such as plants, fish, fungi, bacteria ( Chopra & Kumar, 2020 ), and microcosm ( Grenni et al, 2013 ) in the surrounding ecosystem ( Malakahmad, Abd Manan & Sivapalan, 2015 ).…”

“…The increment in statistics was attributed to the large medicine consumption for chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. The consumed drugs go through metabolic detoxification in the human body, releasing 90% of the metabolic waste products (parent and daughter compounds of the pharmaceutical residue) from the total consumption in the form of excreta (sweat, urine, and stool) ( Manan, Malakahmad & Sivapalan, 2016 ; Malakahmad, Abd Manan & Sivapalan, 2015 ; Subedi et al, 2017 ). For example, 80% of naproxen does not undergo metabolic activity in the human body and is excreted as a parent compound ( Cory et al, 2019 ).…”

Ecological Risk Indicators for Leached Heavy Metals from Coal Ash Generated at a Malaysian Power Plant

“…Heavy metals are hazardous upon continuous exposure and highly toxic even at low concentrations [9,[47][48][49]. The natural concentration of heavy metals in fresh water (mg/L) has been reported to be 0.4 mg/L (As), 0.2 mg/L (Cd), 0.2 mg/L (Cr), 10 mg/L (Cu), 0.08 mg/L (Hg), 5 mg/L (Pb), and 10 mg/L (Zn) [42] (Table 3).…”

Strength enhancement of concrete using incinerated agricultural waste as supplementary cement materials

“…Agricultural waste is biomass produced by agriculture industries 1 – 4 . It is rich in fibres containing high amount of nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen, residues of pesticides and organic carbon 5 , 6 .…”