Detection of adulterated commercial Spanish beeswax

Bonvehí, J. Serra; Bermejo, Francisco José Orantes

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.104

Cited by 54 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The results of the GC-MS analysis showed that the dominant group of the beeswax hydrocarbons is n-alkanes containing from 20 to 35 carbon atoms in their molecules. These results are in line with those previously reported by other authors, although slightly different lengths of the carbon chains were indicated (White et al, 1960;Downing et al, 1961;Lorbeer, 1999, 2000;Jimenez et al, 2004;Serra Bonvehi and Ornantes Bermejo, 2012). The differences in the qualitative composition of the beeswax reported by different authors are undoubtedly caused by various limits of detection of these compounds and by the manner of beeswax sample preparation for the analysis.…”

Section: Determination Of Beeswax Hydrocarbons By Gc-mssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…In previous related reports (Aichholz and Lorbeer, 2000;Jimenez et al, 2004;Serra Bonvehi and Ornantes Bermejo, 2012;Maia and Nunes, 2013), the GC-MS technique was used mainly for qualitative analysis of beeswax hydrocarbons; however, detailed quantitative analysis of these compounds was not conducted, and only their percentage shares were determined. Satisfactory chromatographic separation of n-alkanes and for some alkenes and dienes was obtained on the ZB-5HT INFERNO (20 m × 0.18 mm × 0.18 µm) column with adequately set separation parameters (temperature and carrier gas flow, among others).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using the elaborated GC-MS method resulted in the identification of saturated hydrocarbons (n-alkanes) and also alkenes and dienes. Other authors have reported the presence of these unsaturated hydrocarbons in beeswax (Streibl et al, 1966;Serra Bonvehi, 1988;Giumanini et al, 1995;Lorbeer, 1999, 2000;Jimenez et al, 2004Jimenez et al, , 2007Serra Bonvehi and Ornantes Bermejo, 2012). Streibl et al (1966) observed that the highest share, similar to the alkanes, had alkenes with odd numbers of carbon atoms in their molecules (especially C 31 H 62 and C 33 H 66 ).…”

Section: Determination Of Beeswax Hydrocarbons By Gc-msmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Many methods used so far for determination of hydrocarbons in beeswax and of beeswax adulteration have been based on physico-chemical parameters, such as melting point, density, solubility, and sa-Determination of beeswax hydrocarbons by GC-MS ponification, acid and ester values, and iodine index (Tulloch, 1973;Serra Bonvehi et al, 1989;Serra Bonvehi, 1990;Vit et al, 1992;Poncini et al, 1993). Those methods, although still used in the evaluation of beeswax quality (Bogdanov, 2004;Bernal et al, 2005;Serra Bonvehi and Ornantes Bermejo, 2012;Maia and Nunes, 2013), are not very accurate and often require verification with chromatographic methods. Chromatography allows separation and determination of individual components of beeswax.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This method was used for the first time for the analysis of beeswax hydrocarbons by White et al (1960) and Downing et al (1961). Gas chromatography with different kinds of detection (FID, MS) is now commonly used in studies of beeswax composition (Aichholz and Lorbeer, 1996, 1999, 2000Jimenez et al, 2003Jimenez et al, , 2004Jimenez et al, , 2006Jimenez et al, , 2007Jimenez et al, , 2009Serra Bonvehi and Ornantes Bermejo, 2012;Maia and Nunes, 2013), and the majority of compounds belonging to certain homologous series have been characterized. However, some beeswax constituents remain unknown despite the use of the most recent chromatography techniques.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of Beeswax Hydrocarbons by Gas Chromatography with a Mass Detector (GC -MS ) Technique

Waś

Szczesna

Rybak-Chmielewska

2014

Journal of Apicultural Science

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a b s t r a c t here we describe a method of hydrocarbon (alkanes, alkenes, dienes) identification and quantitative determination of linear saturated hydrocarbons (n-alkanes) in beeswax using gas chromatography with a mass detector technique (gc-ms). beeswax hydrocarbons were isolated using a solid-phase extraction (spe) technique with neutral aluminum oxide (alumina -n, 1000 mg, 6 mL), then were separated on a non-polar gas chromatography column Zb-5ht inferno (20 m×0.18 mm×0.18 µm). qquantitative analysis of n-alkanes was conducted by the method of internal standard with squalane used as the internal standard. the basic parameters of validation (linearity and working range, limit of determination, repeatability and reproducibility, recovery) were determined. for all of the identified compounds, satisfactory (≥0.997) coefficients of correlation in the working ranges of the method (from 0.005 to 5.0 g/100 g) were obtained. the elaborated method was characterized by satisfactory repeatability and within-laboratory reproducibility. the average coefficients of variation for the total n-alkanes did not exceed 2% under conditions of repeatability or 4% under conditions of reproducibility. the recovery for individual n-alkanes was above 94%; for their total content, it was 100.5%. in beeswax originating from apis mellifera, n-alkanes containing from 20 to 35 carbon atoms in their molecules were determined. the total content of these alkanes was between 9.08 g and 10.86 g/100 g (on average, 9.81 g/100 g). additionally, apart from the saturated hydrocarbons, unsaturated hydrocarbons and dienes were identified.

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Section: Determination Of Beeswax Hydrocarbons By Gc-mssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Determination Of Beeswax Hydrocarbons By Gc-msmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Determination of Beeswax Hydrocarbons by Gas Chromatography with a Mass Detector (GC -MS ) Technique

Waś

Szczesna

Rybak-Chmielewska

2014

Journal of Apicultural Science

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Identification and Quantification of Single and Multi‐Adulteration of Beeswax by FTIR‐ATR Spectroscopy

Tanner

Lichtenberg-Kraag

2019

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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Marketing of adulterated beeswax foundation has recently become a major economic problem for beekeepers. Paraffin contamination leads to collapse of combs, and stearic acid has a negative influence on the development of bee brood. The quality of beeswax for beekeeping has not been standardized in EU regulations. Recently, it was shown that attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) can be used to determine beeswax adulteration. Differences in the IR spectra of authentic beeswax can be identified and calculated through comparison with authentic beeswax. In this study, the method is further validated by employing a high number of samples of authentic beeswax from different origins. Low quantification and detection limits are achieved for paraffin, stearic acid, tallow, carnauba wax, and candelilla wax. Furthermore, the FTIR-ATR analytical conditions are verified by analyzing 358 samples of commercial and beekeeper-produced beeswax foundations. Multi-adulterated samples with as many as five different additives in beeswax mixtures are identified with the same accuracy as single substances. Additionally, the spectra of a further 14 different natural and synthetic waxes and hardened fats are analyzed and are compared with beeswax. Finally, a spectral library is established that can be used for further studies. Practical Applications: FTIR-ATR is a fast and cost-efficient tool in beeswax analysis for accurately monitoring a high sample volume. Analysis of 358 beeswax foundations showed an adulteration of 21.8% of the samples with paraffin, stearic acid, tallow, and combinations. Based on the results of this study, it is possible to detect beeswax adulteration of less than 3% of these adulterants and their combinations by FTIR-ATR spectroscopy. This method can be used for monitoring beeswax foundations to identify adulterated materials, exclude these materials from the recycling process, and produce high-quality beeswax, which is essential for bee health.

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