Detection of Anisotropy in Cartilage Using 2H Double-Quantum-Filtered NMR-Spectroscopy

Sharf, Yehuda; Eliav, Uzi; Shinar, Hadassah

doi:10.1006/jmrb.1995.1058

Cited by 69 publications

(103 citation statements)

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“…T 2 is the SQ relaxation time measured by refocusing the effect of the quadrupolar interaction on the relaxation rate (DQF-SQE), 12 T DQ is the double quantum relaxation time and T 1 is the longitudinal relaxation time measured via the DQ filter. 27 The motional properties and the residual quadrupolar splittings of water in the three compartments, obtained by various relaxation measurements, are in accordance with the structure of the nerve's anatomical compartments. Both the splitting and the transverse relaxation rate are largest for the endoneurium, which is known to contain thick and well-oriented collagen bundles.…”

Section: Na In Biological Tissuessupporting

confidence: 63%

“…The observation of DQF spectra in depleted cartilage is another indication that it is the interaction of water with the collagen fibers which is responsible for the anisotropic motion of the water molecules. In contrast to nasal cartilage, 27 in articular cartilage the lineshapes are sensitive to the orientation of the plug in the magnetic field. A maximum splitting is obtained when the normal to the plug is parallel to the external magnetic field, = 0°, half maximum at = 90°, and a minimum near the magic angle (Fig.…”

Section: H Dqf In Tendon and Cartilagementioning

confidence: 91%

“…Thus for I = 1 nuclei DQF spectra will be obtained only in anisotropic media. 27 The DQF pulse sequences described so far yield spectra with lines that are paired in antiphase to one another, and thus their integral is zero. For complicated spectra this presentation is inconvenient.…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…18. 27 Both the intensity and the shape of the spectra vary considerably for the different t values. As t increases, the width of the 'wings' decreases and they become more apparent, while the central signal grows and reaches its maximal intensity at t = 4.0 ms. For longer values of t extra wings are added, forming wiggles that decay slowly.…”

Section: H Dqf In Tendon and Cartilagementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The one-dimensional 2 H DQF spectroscopic imaging pulse sequence is identical to eqn (1) with phase encoding gradients applied during the DQ evolution time, t 1 , which is relatively long for 2 H water signals in connective tissues. 27,46 The images obtained, along with some individual spectra extracted, are given in Plate 1 (a) and (b). 59 Near the bone, the quadrupolar splitting is of the order of 1500 Hz.…”

Section: H Dqf In Tendon and Cartilagementioning

confidence: 99%

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Multiquantum filters and order in tissues

et al. 2001

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In ordered systems, where the molecular motion is anisotropic, quadrupolar and dipolar interactions are not averaged to zero. In such cases, double quantum (DQ) coherences can be formed. This review deals mainly with the effect of anisotropic motion of water molecules and sodium ions in intact biological tissues on 2 H, 1 H and 23 Na NMR spectroscopy and its application to NMR imaging (MRI).Double quantum filtered (DQF) spectra of water molecules and sodium ions were detected in a variety of ordered biological tissues. In collagen-containing tissues such as ligaments, tendons, cartilage, skin, blood vessels and nerves, the DQ coherences are formed as a result of the interaction with the collagen fibers. In red blood cells and presumably also in nerve axons it stems from the interaction with the cytoskeleton.For 23 Na, an I = 3/2 nucleus, the DQ coherences can also be formed in isotropic media. By a judicial choice of the pulse angle in the DQ pulse sequence only the DQ coherences arising from anisotropic motion are detected. For I = 1 nuclei such as 2 H, DQF spectra can be observed only in ordered structures. Thus, the observation of 2 H DQF spectra is an indication of order. The same is true for pairs of equivalent 1 H nuclei.The dependence of the DQF signal on the creation time of the double quantum coherences is characteristic to each tissue and allows signals to be resolved from different tissues by performing the measurements at different creation times. In this way, the 2 H DQF signals of the different compartments of sciatic nerve were resolved and water diffusion in each compartment was studied independently. In the axon, the diffusion was heavily restricted perpendicular to the axon's long axis, a result from which the axon diameter could be deduced. In blood vessel walls, this characteristic enabled the different layers of the vessel to be viewed and studied under strain.For 2 H, a DQF spectroscopic imaging sequence was used to study the orientation of the collagen fibers in the different zones of articular cartilage and bone plug. The effect of pressure on the fibers and their return to equilibrium was studied as well. In blood vessels, a DQF image was obtained and strain maps of the different layers were calculated.The efficiency of the 1 H DQF imaging technique was demonstrated on a phantom of rat tail where only the four tendons were detected at short creation times. 1 H DQF imaging and spectroscopy followed the healing of a rabbit's ruptured Achilles tendon and the results were far more sensitive to the process than conventional imaging. Finally, the method was implemented on a commercial whole body MRI spectrometer. Images of human wrist and ankle showed a positive contrast for the tendons and ligaments, indicating the potential of the method for clinical imaging.

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Section: Na In Biological Tissuessupporting

confidence: 63%

Section: H Dqf In Tendon and Cartilagementioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: H Dqf In Tendon and Cartilagementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: H Dqf In Tendon and Cartilagementioning

confidence: 99%

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