Detection of aspirin traces in blood by means of surface‐enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy

Abstract

Aspirin being freely available as an over the counter drug has a high overdose risk and can cause severe health symptoms. The methods used in clinics for the detection of such drugs (pharmaceuticals) in bodily fluids are mostly based on liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy. These methods are known to be precise; however, they both require long and laborious sample preparation; thus, it takes time to acquire the required information. Because in the case of an overdose, the time has high importance, and faster methods would be beneficial. This work presents an application of a Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopic method for the detection of salicylic acid as a metabolite of aspirin in the blood serum of the patient under examination. In this research, the various colloidal solutions were employed for the preparation of SERS active substrates. The choice of the most efficient colloidal solution and the challenges of collecting SERS spectra of whole blood or its components are discussed. The spectra of both the model and the real‐life blood samples containing metabolite of aspirin were collected with a Fourier transform Raman spectrometer. The analysis of the collected spectra revealed that label‐free SERS can be used for the detection of salicylic acid with concentration down to 3 mM in blood serum corresponding to consumption of at least eight standard pills of aspirin (equivalent to mild toxicity). The proposed diagnostic method could be applied faster than the standard methods and could allow sensitive and fast diagnosis of aspirin consumption in the human blood.

Anions as Intermediates in Plasmon Enhanced Photocatalytic Reactions

“…Hot electrons can be generated more efficiently as a result of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) excitation of metal nanoparticles (NPs) by incident light. − The direct outcome of LSPR excitation is creating a concentrated and enhanced near-field particularly when two or more NPs are brought in close proximity. − The near-field effect has the dominant contribution to enhancement of the Raman scattering signal of molecules adsorbed on the NPs. Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has now become a routine vibrational spectroscopy for analyzing a wide variety of samples. − Hot electrons are produced when the LSPR decays through a nonradiative damping mechanism that involves electron–surface collisions . Hot electrons can induce electronic and vibrational excitation of molecules adsorbed on the NPs and in some cases leads to formation of anionic species that have been detected in SERS measurements. − The NP to molecule electron transfer can increase the polarizability and Raman scattering cross-section of the adsorbate, hence contributing to the SERS enhancement. − Relaxation of the LSPR excitation can also generate local heating of the NPs as the hot electrons couple to phonon modes (crystal vibration). ,, The heating effect has potential application for photothermal therapy, and it can also increase the likelihood of charge transfer by reorganizing adsorbate geometry .…”

Human metabolite detection by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

“…Since aspirin is available as an over-the-counter drug, its overdose brings high risk and causes serious health symptoms. The application of SERS was introduced to detect salicylic acid (a metabolite of aspirin) in patient serum [ 120 ]. Under near-infrared (NIR) laser excitation, label-free colloidal SERS (spherical Ag NPs with citrate-terminated) could be used to detect salicylic acid at a concentration as low as 3 ​mM in serum, corresponding to the consumption of at least eight standard aspirin pills (mild toxicity).…”

Development of Four Uv-Spectrometric Techniques for Concurrent Estimation of Aspirin and Sildenafil Citrate in Their Binary Mixture and Pharmaceutical Formulations

“…Aspirin is widely used in low doses in preventing antiplatelet aggregations in patients at dicey of occlusive vascular events 9 . Many analytical approaches have been announced for the definition of ASP like spectrophotometry 10 , HPLC 11 , RP-HPLC 12 , UPLC 13 , TLC 14 , capillary zone electrophoresis 15 and raman spectroscopy 16 . SIL is chemically 5-[2-Ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl]-1methyl-3-propyl-1,6-dihydro-7H-pyrazolo [4,3d]pyrimidin-7-one dihydrogen 2hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate, which belongs to phosphodiesterase inhibitors PDEs, specific type 5, Figure 1 8 .…”