Cardiovascular disease is a global health threat, and
detecting
cardiac biomarkers is essential for early-stage diagnosis and personalized
treatment. Traditional approaches have limitations, but optical nanobiosensors
offer rapid, highly selective, and sensitive detection. Optical nanobiosensors
generate biosignals that transfer light signals while analytes bind
with the bioreceptors. Optical nanobiosensors have advantages such
as ease of monitoring, low cost, a wide detection range, and high
sensitivity without any interference. An optical nanobiosensor platform
is a promising approach for point-of-care cardiac biomarker detection
with a low detection limit. This review mainly focuses on the detection
of cardiovascular disease biomarkers based on various optical nanobiosensor
approaches that have been reported during the last five years, and
we have categorized them based on optical signal readouts. A detailed
discussion of the classification of cardiovascular disease biomarkers,
design strategies of optical biosensors, types of optically active
nanomaterials, types of bioreceptors, functionalization techniques,
various assay types, and sensing mechanisms is presented. Then, we
summarize the optical signaling readout-based various nanobiosensors
systems for the detection of cardiovascular disease biomarkers. Finally,
we summarize and conclude with the recent development of point-of-care
testing (PoCT) for cardiovascular disease biomarkers used in various
optical readout techniques.