Detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus infection in newborn calves before colostrum intake

Martin, Camila Cecilia; Baccili, Camila Costa; Silva, Bruno Toledo; Novo, S; Sobreira, Natália Meirelles; Pituco, Edviges Maristela; Gomes, Viviani

doi:10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n3p1379

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Pestivirus, in this genus 11 species are included among them BVDV-1, BVDV-2 and Hobi-like Pestivirus (Ridpath et al 1994, Schirrmeier et al 2004, ICTV 2019. The impact generated by the BVDV virus is related to its ability to cross the placental barrier, and cause several problems in the embryo or fetus, including fetal resorption, immunosuppression, teratogeny, and mainly cause the birth of persistently infected (IP) calves (Martin et al 2016, Jardim et al 2018. BoHV-1 belongs to the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Alfaherpesviridae, genus Varicellovirus, and is associated with the Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex and reproductive disease in bovine females, including abortions (Becker et al 2015, Costa et al 2017.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological response against bovine herpesvirus and bovine viral diarrhea virus induced by commercial vaccines in Holstein heifers

et al. 2019

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Vaccination is a strategy to the prevention and control of reproductive diseases caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1), however the various compositions of commercial vaccines should be evaluated for their ability to induce protection mediated by antibodies. The objective of this research was to evaluate the production of specific neutralizing Abs against BVDV-1 and 2, and BoHV-1 induced by commercial vaccines composed by different adjuvants. Holstein heifers were vaccinated and distributed in three experimental groups: Group I (G1) was vaccinated with a commercial vaccine containing inactivated BVDV-1, BVDV-2 and BoHV-1 diluted in alum hydroxide as adjuvant (n=9); Group II (G2) was vaccinated with an product containing inactivated strains of BVDV-1, BVDV-2, BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 diluted in oil emulsion as adjuvant (n=10); Group III (G3) was vaccinated with a commercial vaccine containing inactivated BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, besides live modified thermosensitive BoHV-1, diluted in Quil A, amphigen and cholesterol (n=10); A control, non-vaccinated group (n=6) was mock vaccinated with saline. Heifers received two subcutaneous doses of 5mL of each commercial vaccine on the right side of the neck, with 21 days interval. Humoral immune response was assessed by the virus neutralization test (VN) against BVDV-1 (NADL and Singer strains), BVDV-2 (SV253 strain) and BoHV-1 (Los Angeles strain) in serum samples collected on vaccination days zero (D0), 21 (D21) and 42 (D42; 21 days after boosting). Neutralizing Abs against BVDV-1 NADL was detected only in D42, regardless of the vaccine used. Similar geometric mean titers (GMT) for BVDV-1 NADL were observed between G1 (log2=5.1) and G3 (log2=5.1). The seroconversion rate (%) was higher in G1 (78%) when compared to G2 (10%) and G3 (40%). For BVDV-1 Singer, it was also possible to detect Abs production in G1 (log2=5.8, 100% seroconversion rate) and G3 (log2=3.5, seroconversion rate = 60%), only after the booster dose (D42). Neutralizing Abs to BVDV-2 (SV253) were detected only in G3, observing 90% seroconversion associated with high titers of Abs (log2=6.7) after the 2nd dose of vaccine (D42). Heifers from G1 and G3 responded to BoHV-1 after the first dose (D21): G1 (log2=2.5, seroconversion rate = 67%) and G3 (log2=0.7, seroconversion rate = 80%). In D42, a higher magnitude response was observed in the heifers from G3 (log2=6.1, 100%) compared with G1 (log2=4.3, 100%) and G2 (log2=2.7, 60%). Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that the commercial vaccine contained aluminum hydroxide (G1) was most effective in the induction of antibodies against BVDV-1. On the other hand, this vaccine did not induce the production of neutralizing Abs against BVDV-2. Only the heifers from G3 (Quil A, amphigen and cholesterol) generated neutralizing Abs against BVDV-2. The animals that received commercial vaccine containing oil emulsion as adjuvant (G2) had a weak/undetectable response against BVDV-1 and BVDV-2. The best protective response against BoHV-1 was observed in heifers vaccinated with the live modified thermosensitive virus.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological response against bovine herpesvirus and bovine viral diarrhea virus induced by commercial vaccines in Holstein heifers

et al. 2019

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“…The high titers (640-10,240) of BVDV antibodies detected in the VN test, using serum samples from cows, indicate a recent circulation of BVDV eld strain in the herd. This is possible despite the cows being regularly vaccinated because commercial vaccines do not induce an immune response of this magnitude in antibody titer (Martin et al 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fetal infection by ncp viruses between 40 and 120 days of gestation may lead to the birth of immunotolerant and PI calves. During this period, the fetal immune system is still immature and incapable of differentiating between viral proteins and self-proteins (Martin et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus subgenotype 1d infection in dairy heifer calves born within 38 days interval

Zucoloto¹,

Fritzen²,

Lorenzetti³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) causes a significant economic impact on the beef and dairy industries worldwide. Fetal infection with a non-cytopathic strain may lead to the birth of persistently infected (PI) offspring, the main event in the epidemiological chain of BVDV infection. This report describes the birth of 10 PI dairy calves from Brazil and the infecting BVDV subgenotype. Serum and blood samples were collected from 10 cows and 10 calves; all 10 calves were previously deemed BVDV positive by the ear notch rapid test. Serum samples were used in the virus neutralization technique to detect anti-BVDV antibody. Blood samples were used to detect BVDV RNA using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay of the 5' UTR and Npro genes. All 10 cows were negative for BVDV RT-PCR, while all 10 calves were RT-PCR positive. Phylogenetic analyses were performed and the strain was classified as BVDV-1d. High titers of BVDV-specific antibodies in the serum of cows indicated recent circulation of BVDV in the dairy herd, whereas calves presented intermediate, low, or no anti-BVDV-1a antibody titers. The monitoring of circulating BVDV subgenotypes and the detection of PI animals is of great importance in disease control, and regular vaccination alone is insufficient to prevent BVDV infection.

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“…The BVDV detection in trans-tracheal lavage was the first evidence of the BVDV infection in this herd. Among 2013 to 2016, others events were happening enforce the evidence of PI's presence in the farm, such as seropositive calves identification before colostrum intake [13]; and high levels of specific antibodies for BVDV in the bulk tank milk. These facts motivated the technical team and producers to invest in PI screening.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Complex as a Signal for Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Presence in the Herd

Basqueira

Martin

Costa

et al. 2017

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: Infections are caused by Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus and still continue to be a worldwide plague in cattle industry. It is responsible for sudden death syndromes in adult cattle with high mortality rates, abortions, acute gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases. The BVDV infection occurs in early pregnancy (40-142 days), in immunosuppressed females or cows results in 100% of persistently infected (PI) calves that are seronegative and asymptomatic at birth. Evidences suggests that BVDV contributes to BRD complex potentiating secondary infections caused by Mannheimia haemolytica e Pasteurella multocida due to its immunosuppressive action. However, the farmers have often associated the respiratory syndrome with other infectious agents. This paper reports the attendance of dairy calves manifesting clinical signs of bronchopneumonia, which led to the screening of the persistently infected animals to control of the BVDV infection in the herd.Materials, Methods & Results: During the technical assistance, ten calves manifesting bronchopneumonia were selected to trans-tracheal lavage (TL) in order to identify possible infectious agents. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) detected the presence of BVDV in two heifers. Pasteurella multocida was the unique bacterial agent isolated from TL (5/10, 50%). These data motivated the technical team and producers to investigate the PI screening by direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from biopsies of the ear edge. The screening of PI’s detected 29 positive within of 2,342 animals tested (1.23%). The re-test of positive was performed only in 24 animals due to the cull of five bovine with severe bronchopneumonia and diarrhea, confirming 18 persistently infected calves (18/24; 75%). Finally, in all PI’s live dams were tested. It was observed four positive adult animals. One grand dam was live and tested, but it had negative result for direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent test. The rate of PI’s considering the whole herd was 0.81% (22/3,700 animals).Discussion: The involvement of BVDV in the etiology of bronchopneumonia was confirmed by detection of the virus in trans-tracheal lavages in two calves by RT-PCR. The susceptibility for Pasteurella multocida infection could be promoted by BVDV prime-infection, considering that immunossupressive nature of BVDV is a critical factor in the interaction with others viruses and bacteria. At this time, we are aware about any report about the detection of BVDV in trans-tracheal lavages. These findings culminated with the screening of PI animals in the herd, detecting rates of 0.81%. The intensive vaccination and colostrum management of this farm could protected the herd against BVDV, however others facts facilitated the introduction of the virus in the herd. This research was conduced in a high-production dairy farm with around 3,700 animals raised in an open herd, in which some of cows with high genetic potential were transferred for embryo collection in the state of Paraná, Brazil; resulting in the addition of the calves to the herd by others routes. Moreover, the farm used for many years vaccine containing only BVDV-1, which may have favored the entry and spread of BVDV-2 or BVDV-3 in the herd. This research showed the presence of BVDV in trans-tracheal lavage of heifers with bronchopneumonia by RT-PCR. This fact points to the need of BRD control programs that include detection of PI animals.

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Detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus infection in newborn calves before colostrum intake

Cited by 5 publications

References 18 publications

Serological response against bovine herpesvirus and bovine viral diarrhea virus induced by commercial vaccines in Holstein heifers

Serological response against bovine herpesvirus and bovine viral diarrhea virus induced by commercial vaccines in Holstein heifers

Persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus subgenotype 1d infection in dairy heifer calves born within 38 days interval

Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Complex as a Signal for Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Presence in the Herd

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