Detection of carbamazepine in saliva based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Abstract

Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a commonly used drug for the treatment of epilepsy. Due to the narrow effective range, CBZ concentration was usually monitored with blood draw from patients. Frequent blood draw is inconvenient and causes physical and psychological pain. Therefore, highly-sensitive, rapid, label-free, and non-invasive drug detection methods can be alternatives to bring a relief. In this work, we have proposed a method for the non-invasive detection of CBZ using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Gold-silver core-shell nanomaterial substrates were prepared and optimized. Salivary CBZ concentration was measured with SERS as a non-invasive alternative to blood draw. The results showed that there was a linear relationship between SERS response and CBZ concentration in the entire measured range of 10−1 ∼ 10−8 mol/L. The detection limit of this method was 1.26 × 10−9 mol/L. Satisfactory repeatability and stability were also demonstrated. Due to its high sensitivity and ease of operation, the proposed method can serve as an alternative to blood draw for non-invasively monitoring CBZ concentration. It also has great potentials in many other applications of biomedical sciences.

A Rapid Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Strategy of Carbamazepine in Serum by Using Coffee-Ring Effect Assisted Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

“…The limit of detection (LOD) was calculated using a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 3: the specific LOD values were 0.01 µg•mL −1 for CBZ, 1 µg•mL −1 for CBZE, and 1 µg•mL −1 for CBZD (Figure S4). Though the LOD value of CBZ was about ten times higher than other literature has demonstrated, in which CBZ in salvia can be achieved by SERS [28]. The LODs in our study met the actual clinical testing requirements.…”

“…Molecules 2023, 28,128 could not be focused well, and the droplet edge was easily boiled by the laser (Fi resulting in a very large signal-to-noise ratio on the SERS spectrum. Moreover, s purity signals were present.…”

CNN-assisted SERS enables ultra-sensitive and simultaneous detection of Scr and BUN for rapid kidney function assessment

“…Subsequently, it was continuously stirred and heated to 60 °C. When it boils, 6 ml of 1 wt% sodium citrate solution and 2.5 ml of 0.1 M silver nitrate solution 33 were added (Fig. 2b).…”

How Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Could Contribute to Medical Diagnoses

“…In the case of drugs that require long-term use or are effective only in a narrow concentration range, the first crucial improvement achieved was the development of an approach that departed from the invasive procedure of blood collection in favour of performing tests using the patient's urine or saliva [69]. An important example here is the monitoring of the concentration of carbamazepine (CBZ), a commonly used anti-epilepsy drug.…”

“…The idea was to monitor the concentration of this drug in saliva using a gold-silver core-shell nanomaterial. Cheng et al showed that it is possible to monitor this drug in a concentration range of from 3.26 × 10 −9 M for CBZ in saliva [69] (see Figure 9). Barveen, Wang, and Chang proposed a different non-invasive approach to drug detection, that of detecting chlorpromazine (CPZ) in human saliva or urine [70].…”