Detection of Cell and Tissue Surface Antigens Using Up-Converting Phosphors: A New Reporter Technology

Zijlmans, Henry; Bonnet, J.; Burton, Jarrett L.; Kardos, Keith; Vail, T.; Niedbala, R. Sam; Tanke, Hans J.

doi:10.1006/abio.1998.2965

Cited by 331 publications

(206 citation statements)

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“…The main role of the 4 S 3/2 in populating the red UCL reflects a strong CRB. Meanwhile, the small contribution of the ETU from the 4 I 13/2 is partially due to a small value of C d3 /C d5 that is calculated to be 0.124g 43 using Equation (5). In this calculation, a W 21 of 218 s 21 is used, which is determined from our measured 4 I 11/2 lifetime (t 2,0 ) of 2.73 ms in Y 2 O 3 :0.002Er 31 and the reported 16 intrinsic 4 I 11/2 lifetime of 6.03 ms and 4 I 11/2 R 4 I 13/2 radiative branch ratio of 0.108.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Observation of efficient population of the red-emitting state from the green state by non-multiphonon relaxation in the Er3+–Yb3+ system

et al. 2015

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The rare earth Er 31 and Yb 31 codoped system is the most attractive for showcasing energy transfer upconversion. This system can generate green and red emissions from Er 31 under infrared excitation of the sensitizer Yb 31 . It is well known that the red-emitting state can be populated from the upper green-emitting state. The contribution of multiphonon relaxation to this population is generally considered important at low excitation densities. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the importance of a previously proposed but neglected mechanism described as a cross relaxation energy transfer from Er 31 to Yb 31 , followed by an energy back transfer within the same Er 31 -Yb 31 pair. A luminescence spectroscopy study of cubic Y 2 O 3 :Er 31 , Yb 31 indicates that this mechanism can be more efficient than multiphonon relaxation, and it can even make a major contribution to the red upconversion. The study also revealed that the energy transfers involved in this mechanism take place only in the nearest Er 31 -Yb 31 pairs, and thus, it is fast and efficient at low excitation densities. Our results enable a better understanding of upconversion processes and properties in the Er 31 -Yb 31 system. Light: Science & Applications (2015) 4, e239; doi:10.1038/lsa.2015.12; published online 16 January 2015 Keywords: energy transfer; erbium-ytterbium system; upconversion luminescence INTRODUCTION Infrared to visible upconversion luminescence has been extensively studied for its fundamental value 1-3 and its various potential applications in upconversion lasers, 4 bioimaging, 5 etc. The codoping of Er 31 and a high concentration of sensitizer Yb 31 forms the most attractive energy transfer upconversion (ETU) system. Under infrared (980 nm) excitation of the sensitizer Yb 31 , this system can generate green and red upconversions originating from the 4 S 3/2 R 4 I 15/2 and 4 F 9/2 R 4 I 15/2 transitions of Er 31 , respectively. Unlike the green upconversion, the red upconversion benefits from several possible excitation mechanisms. 6,7 Multiphonon relaxation (MPR) from the upper 4 S 3/2 state and ETU from the lower intermediate 4 I 13/2 state are generally considered dominant at low infrared excitation densities because other mechanisms involving three photon processes 6,7 become important only at high infrared excitation densities, 8 which is not the topic of this work.The MPR is not the only mechanism for populating the 4 F 9/2 from the 4 S 3/2 ; a non-MPR mechanism was proposed earlier, 8 but it has not been considered important since then. This mechanism involves two sequential energy transfers between Er 31 and Yb 31 . The first step is a well-known cross-relaxation (CR) energy transfer from Er 31 in the

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Infrared to visible upconversion luminescence has been extensively studied for its fundamental value 1-3 and its various potential applications in upconversion lasers, 4 bioimaging, 5 etc. The codoping of Er 31 and a high concentration of sensitizer Yb 31 forms the most attractive energy transfer upconversion (ETU) system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observation of efficient population of the red-emitting state from the green state by non-multiphonon relaxation in the Er3+–Yb3+ system

et al. 2015

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“…16 Several features of UPT distinguish it from other fluorescence techniques: Since up-conversion does not generally occur in natural biological materials, the use of UPT particles filters out background interference. 17 Phosphor emissions can be of different colours, facilitating simultaneous multitarget detection. 32 The UPT particles do not bleach, they facilitate relatively lengthy measurements, and they provide permanent records.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A disposable microfluidic cassette for DNA amplification and detection

et al. 2006

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; Corstjens, Paul L. A. M.; Mauk, Michael G.; and Bau, Haim H., "A disposable microfluidic cassette for DNA amplification and detection" (2006). Departmental Papers (MEAM). 70. http://repository.upenn.edu/meam_papers/70 A disposable microfluidic cassette for DNA amplification and detection AbstractA pneumatically driven, disposable, microfluidic cassette comprised of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) thermal cycler, an incubation chamber to label PCR amplicons with upconverting phosphor (UPT) reporter particles, conduits, temperature-activated, normally closed hydrogel valves, and a lateral flow strip, was constructed and tested. The hydrogel valves, which were opened and closed with the aid of electrically controlled thermoelectric units, provided a simple means to seal the PCR reactor and suppress bubble formation. The hydrogel-based flow control was electronically addressable, leakage-free, and biocompatible. To test the device, a solution laden with genomic DNA isolated from B. cereus was introduced into the microfluidic cassette and a specific 305 bp fragment was amplified. The PCR amplicons were labelled with the phosphor (UPT) reporter particles, applied to the lateral flow strip, bound to pre-immobilized ligands, and detected with an IR laser that scanned the lateral flow strip and excited the phosphor (UPT) particles that, in turn, emitted light in the visible spectrum. The UPT particles do not bleach, they provide a permanent record, and they readily facilitate the filtering of background noise. The cassette described herein will be used for rapid testing at the point of care. A pneumatically driven, disposable, microfluidic cassette comprised of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) thermal cycler, an incubation chamber to label PCR amplicons with upconverting phosphor (UPT) reporter particles, conduits, temperature-activated, normally closed hydrogel valves, and a lateral flow strip, was constructed and tested. The hydrogel valves, which were opened and closed with the aid of electrically controlled thermoelectric units, provided a simple means to seal the PCR reactor and suppress bubble formation. The hydrogel-based flow control was electronically addressable, leakage-free, and biocompatible. To test the device, a solution laden with genomic DNA isolated from B. cereus was introduced into the microfluidic cassette and a specific 305 bp fragment was amplified. The PCR amplicons were labelled with the phosphor (UPT) reporter particles, applied to the lateral flow strip, bound to pre-immobilized ligands, and detected with an IR laser that scanned the lateral flow strip and excited the phosphor (UPT) particles that, in turn, emitted light in the visible spectrum. The UPT particles do not bleach, they provide a permanent record, and they readily facilitate the filtering of background noise. The cassette described herein will be used for rapid testing at the point of care. Comments

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“…UCNs have been used as luminescent reporters in a variety of assays, including immune-assay, bioaffinity assay, and DNA hybridization assay as alternatives to conventional labeling agents (Zijlmans, 1999;Hampl, 2001;Corstjens, 2008;Huang, 2009). A example was demonstrated by submicron-sized Y 2 O 2 S particles doped with Yb 3+ and Er 3+ ions for detection of human chorionic gonadotropin with a limit of 10 pg in a lateral flow (LF) immune-chromatographic assay format (Hampl, 2001).…”

Section: Application Of Up-converting Nanoparticles For Biological Sementioning

confidence: 99%

Biosensing Based on Luminescent Semiconductor Quantum Dots and Rare Earth Up-Conversion Nanoparticles

Zhang¹,

Li²,

Zhao³

et al. 2011

New Perspectives in Biosensors Technology and Applications

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Detection of Cell and Tissue Surface Antigens Using Up-Converting Phosphors: A New Reporter Technology

Cited by 331 publications

References 8 publications

Observation of efficient population of the red-emitting state from the green state by non-multiphonon relaxation in the Er3+–Yb3+ system

Observation of efficient population of the red-emitting state from the green state by non-multiphonon relaxation in the Er3+–Yb3+ system

A disposable microfluidic cassette for DNA amplification and detection

Biosensing Based on Luminescent Semiconductor Quantum Dots and Rare Earth Up-Conversion Nanoparticles

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