Detection of Deoxynivalenol Using Fluorescence Excitation–Emission Matrix

Abstract

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is an acutely toxic mycotoxin produced in wheat and other cereal grains when exposed to fungi such as Fusarium spp. In this study, DON aqueous samples at seven concentration levels were examined using the excitation-emission matrix (EEM). EEM is a graph composed of an excitation wavelength axis, an emission wavelength axis, and a fluorescence intensity axis. It is acquired by measuring the fluorescence intensity of a sample at consecutive excitation and emission wavelengths. The EEM of DON solution showed fluorescent peaks, which were nonexistent in that of water, particularly in the excitation (Ex) and emission (Em) wavelength ranges: Ex 200-240 nm/Em 300 nm and Ex 250-300 nm/Em 400-500 nm. Since the EEM is a multidimensional data composed of many wavelength conditions (667 in this case), principal component analysis was applied to reduce the data to lower dimensions. By plotting the scores of the first and second principal components, it was shown that DON could be discriminated from water and the concentration of DON in the aqueous solution could be judged.

Measuring Cheese Maturation with the Fluorescence Fingerprint

“…First, data whose excitation wavelength was longer than that of the emission wavelength was removed, since fluorescence is defined as light emission with longer wavelengths than the excitation light. Next, the first-, second-and third-order scattered lights, which occurred at wavelengths where the emission wavelength was equal to, twice, and three times the excitation wavelength, respectively (Fujita et al, 2010), were removed. Finally, the wavelength conditions where excitation wavelengths were shorter than 230 nm or longer than 500 nm were removed, as there was significant noise that would increase the estimation error.…”

Detection of Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 in Nutmeg Extract Using Fluorescence Fingerprint

“…On the other hand, fluorescence fingerprint (FF), also known as excitation-emission matrix (EEM), is a series of fluorescence emission spectra acquired at consecutive excitation wavelengths (Tsuta et al, 2007;Fujita et al, 2010). The pattern of an FF diagram is unique for each constituent, like a fingerprint, making it possible to identify a particular sub- and were not fluorescence.…”

“…Preprocessing of FF data FF data were preprocessed for statistical analysis on the basis of previous studies (Fujita et al, 2010;Shibata et al, 2011). Fluorescence is an emission with a longer wavelength than excitation (Karoui and Blecker 2011).…”

Effective Application of ICT in Food and Agricultural Sector — Optical Sensing is Mainly Described —

“…Measurement using an excitation /fluorescence matrix that is obtained by scanning continuously both the excitation wavelength and fluores-cent wavelength and by measuring the fluorescence intensity has been attempted [10]. Sugiyama, who gave a name "fluorescent fingerprint" to this excitation emission matrix, conducted determination of the production area of mango, simultaneous quantitative determination of mycotoxin, and estimation of the mixing ratio of buckwheat and flour by fluorescent fingerprints created using excitation wavelengths of 200-340 nm and an analysis method using partial least squares regression analysis, demonstrating that fluorescent fingerprints can be applied to food/crops containing various ingredients [11].…”