Detection of Different Bovine Papillomavirus Types and Co-infection in Bloodstream of Cattle

Abstract

Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is a diverse group of double-stranded DNA oncogenic viruses. BPVs are classically described as epitheliotropic, however, they have been detected in body fluids, such as blood and semen. The presence of BPV in these sites can have implications for the dissemination of BPV. The aim of this study was to verify the prevalence of BPV types in cattle blood. A total of 57 blood samples were analyzed by PCR using BPV type-specific primers to BPVs 1-6 and 8-10, and subsequent sequencing. Sequencing quality was determined using Staden package with Phred 20. Similarity analysis was performed with BioEdit and BLAST programs to assess the identity with known BPV types. Statistical analysis was performed by Fisher's exact test. The results showed seven different types of BPVs in the blood, with the exception of BPV 5 and 9. This is the first study that demonstrates BPVs 3, 6, 8 and 10 DNA in cattle blood. BPVs 1 and 2 were the viral types most frequent in blood, while BPVs 4 and 10 were the least frequent types. All the samples showed co-infection by at least two BPV types. These data suggest that several BPV types may infect blood cells at the same time and demonstrate the possibility that the BPV infection in non-epithelial tissue can occur without restriction to one or two viral types. These results can contribute to future studies aimed at the control and prevention of papillomaviruses.

Molecular identification of bovine papillomaviruses in dairy and beef cattle: first description of Xi- and Epsilonpapillomavirus in Turkey

“…BPV infection is known to be associated with papillomatosis of cattle and horse sarcoids (8,12). A recent study described molecular identification of BPV-1 in cattle with cutaneous papillomatosis in Turkey, but BPV-2 was not detected (20).…”

“…BPV types 1 and 2 have also been identified in peripheral blood leukocytes (7,8), and in different body fluids, such as milk, colostrum, and semen, obtained from animals with papillomatosis (5,9,10), and even from apparently healthy cattle (8,11) and horses (2,12). BPV-4 is associated with cutaneous papillomatosis, besides upper-gastrointestinal papillomatosis (6,8,10). Furthermore, BPV-9 and BPV-10 have been identified in squamous epithelial papillomas of the udder, whereas BPV-3 and BPV-8 are responsible for cutaneous papillomas (6).…”

Papillomavirus infection of roe deer in the Czech Republic and fibropapilloma-associated levels of metallothionein, zinc, and oxidative stress

“…While non-viraemic transmission of tick-borne infections is possible (Labuda et al 1993), viral DNA was also demonstrated in one blood sample from a female roe deer and ticks may thus become infected by feeding on viraemic hosts. Likewise, bovine papillomavirus was detected in bloodstream of cattle (Santos et al 2014). Although papillomaviruses are highly epitheliotropic (Bernard et al 2010), bovine papillomavirus DNA, for example, has been detected in different body tissues and fluids such as milk, urine, and semen of infected animals (Lindsey et al 2009).…”

Papillomaviruses: a systematic review

“…Moreover, BP decreases growth rate and induces weight loss (Munday, 2014). The disease also predisposes bovines to opportunist bacterial infections (Munday, 2014), mainly in breast and mammary glands, which can result in mastitis, causing pain, reducing milk production (Campo, 2002; Muro et al , 2008; Lindsey et al , 2009; Santos et al , 2014) and causing depreciation of leather value (Monteiro et al , 2008). …”

“…Although there is no epidemiological study that allows the definition of BPV distribution, BPV-1 and 2 seem to be the most frequently identified virus types (Pathania et al , 2012; Melo et al , 2014; Santos et al , 2014; Alcântara et al , 2015; Araldi, 2015; Cota et al , 2015; Araldi et al , 2015b). Moreover, these viruses are associated with both benign and malignant neoplasms (Gopalkrishna et al , 1995; Nasir and Campo, 2008; Cota et al , 2015).…”