Detection of Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus ortleppi in Bhutan

Thapa, Nirmal Kumar; Armúa-Fernández, María Teresa; Dukpa, Kinzang; Gurung, Ratna B.; Wangdi, Phuntsho; Deplazes, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.parint.2016.12.010

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Fertile hydatid cyst PSC viability, that is, the percentage of live PSC, varies between 100% and 2,8% [13][14][15][16][17]. Contrarily, infertile hydatid cysts (also called sterile hydatid cysts [18][19][20][21][22][23]), have no PSC neither attached to the germinal layer nor floating free in the hydatid fluid, and thus are unable to continue with the parasite life cycle. The reason behind why infertile hydatid cysts are unable to produce PSC remains unclear [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New insights of the local immune response against both fertile and infertile hydatid cysts

et al. 2019

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Background Cystic echinococcosis is caused by the metacestode of the zoonotic flatworm Echinococcus granulosus. Within the viscera of the intermediate host, the metacestode grows as a unilocular cyst known as hydatid cyst. This cyst is comprised of two layers of parasite origin: germinal and laminated layers, and one of host origin: the adventitial layer, that encapsulates the parasite. This adventitial layer is composed of collagen fibers, epithelioid cells, eosinophils and lymphocytes. To establish itself inside the host, the germinal layer produces the laminated layer, and to continue its life cycle, generates protoscoleces. Some cysts are unable to produce protoscoleces, and are defined as infertile cysts. The molecular mechanisms involved in cyst fertility are not clear, however, the host immune response could play a crucial role. Methodology/Principal findings We collected hydatid cysts from both liver and lungs of slaughtered cattle, and histological sections of fertile, infertile and small hydatid cysts were stained with haematoxylin-eosin. A common feature observed in infertile cysts was the disorganization of the laminated layer by the infiltration of host immune cells. These infiltrating cells eventually destroy parts of laminated layer. Immunohistochemical analysis of both parasite and host antigens, identify these cells as cattle macrophages and are present inside the cysts associated to germinal layer. Conclusions/Significance This is the first report that indicates to cell from immune system present in adventitial layer of infertile bovine hydatid cysts could disrupt the laminated layer, infiltrating and probably causing the infertility of cyst.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New insights of the local immune response against both fertile and infertile hydatid cysts

et al. 2019

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“…Echinococcus ortleppi is a cattle strain (genotype G5) of E. granulosus that is mainly transmitted between dogs and cattle, and humans become infected through the accidental ingestion of parasite eggs. To date, 11 cases of human infection have been reported in the Netherlands, Argentina, Mexico, South Africa, Brazil, France, India and Vietnam (Table 1) [24–32], and animal infections have been detected in cattle, monkeys, camels, pigs, cows, goats, sheep, oryx, bovines, crested porcupines and spotted deer in Asia (India, Vietnam, Egypt, Bhutan and Iran), Africa (Kenya, South Africa, Sudan, Ethiopia, Zambia and Namibia), South America (Brazil and Chile) and Europe (the UK, France and Italy) (Table 2) [3, 8–12, 24, 26, 33–42]. Human infection is rare, and it appears that human E. ortleppi infection is very uncommon and restricted to certain areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First description of Echinococcus ortleppi infection in China

et al. 2019

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Background Echinococcosis has led to considerable social and economic losses in China, particularly in the endemic communities of the eastern Tibetan Plateau. In China, human cases of Echinococcus granulosus ( sensu stricto ), E. canadensis and E. multilocularis infections have been described, but no E. ortleppi (G5) infections in humans or animals have been reported. Results A case of E. ortleppi infection in a human from Guangxi, which is a non-endemic echinococcosis area in China, is described. A 17 × 12 × 20 cm (diameter) cyst was observed in the liver of the patient, and Echinococcus larvae were collected from the cyst. A morphological examination indicated that the larvae were E. ortleppi , and amplification and analysis of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogenase dehydrogenase subunit 1 ( nad 1) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 ( cox 1) genes showed that the larvae had 99–100% homology with the corresponding E. ortleppi sequences on GenBank. Conclusions To our knowledge, this report describes the first identification of a human E. ortleppi infection in China. Our data broaden the geographical distribution of this rarely reported species of Echinococcus . Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3653-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…However, recent ME studies have demonstrated that transmission of both species is still occurring in Turkey [ 15 ], Africa, South America, and parts of Europe [ 16 ]. Interestingly, the first ME study undertaken on echinococcosis in Bhutan demonstrated local transmission of both E. ortleppi and E. granulosus [ 17 ].…”

Section: Taxonomy and Nomenclaturementioning

confidence: 99%

The Molecular Epidemiology of Echinococcus Infections

Thompson

2020

Pathogens

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Molecular epidemiology (ME) is the application of molecular tools to determine the causation of disease. With infectious diseases, such as echinococcosis, this applies to identifying and characterising the aetiological agents and elucidating host range. Such an approach has been very successful with the causative agents of echinococcosis, species of Echinococcus, initially by providing a workable and practical taxonomy and subsequently determining transmission patterns in endemic areas. This review summarises the taxonomy and nomenclature of species of Echinococcus and provides an update on ME investigations of the ecology of Echinococcus transmission, particularly in areas where more than one species of Echinococcus is maintained in cycles of transmission that may interact.

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Detection of Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus ortleppi in Bhutan

Cited by 22 publications

References 15 publications

New insights of the local immune response against both fertile and infertile hydatid cysts

New insights of the local immune response against both fertile and infertile hydatid cysts

First description of Echinococcus ortleppi infection in China

The Molecular Epidemiology of Echinococcus Infections

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