Detection of eight <i>Cryptosporidium</i> genotypes in surface and waste waters in Europe

Ward, Paul I.; Deplazes, Peter; Regli, Walter; Rinder, Heinz; Mathis, Alexander

doi:10.1017/s0031182001001317

Cited by 64 publications

(52 citation statements)

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“…Two SSU rRNA-based PCR sequencing tools have also been successfully used in the differentiation of Cryptosporidium oocysts in surface water and wastewater samples (92,238). Sequences of C. andersoni and presumably C. parvum and C. baileyi were obtained from seven samples of surface water from a watershed in Massachusetts (82).…”

Section: Significance Of Cryptosporidium Species In Animals and The Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium Taxonomy: Recent Advances and Implications for Public Health

et al. 2004

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There has been an explosion of descriptions of new species of Cryptosporidium during the last two decades. This has been accompanied by confusion regarding the criteria for species designation, largely because of the lack of distinct morphologic differences and strict host specificity among Cryptosporidium spp. A review of the biologic species concept, the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), and current practices for Cryptosporidium species designation calls for the establishment of guidelines for naming Cryptosporidium species. All reports of new Cryptosporidium species should include at least four basic components: oocyst morphology, natural host specificity, genetic characterizations, and compliance with the ICZN. Altogether, 13 Cryptosporidium spp. are currently recognized: C. muris, C. andersoni, C. parvum, C. hominis, C. wrairi, C. felis, and C. cannis in mammals; C. baïleyi, C. meleagridis, and C. galli in birds; C. serpentis and C. saurophilum in reptiles; and C. molnari in fish. With the establishment of a framework for naming Cryptosporidium species and the availability of new taxonomic tools, there should be less confusion associated with the taxonomy of the genus Cryptosporidium. The clarification of Cryptosporidium taxonomy is also useful for understanding the biology of Cryptosporidium spp., assessing the public health significance of Cryptosporidium spp. in animals and the environment, characterizing transmission dynamics, and tracking infection and contamination sources

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Section: Significance Of Cryptosporidium Species In Animals and The Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium Taxonomy: Recent Advances and Implications for Public Health

et al. 2004

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“…The identification of the C. parvum genotype was based on PCR and direct sequencing of part of the 18S rDNA (Ward et al 2002).…”

Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To determine the Cryptosporidium genotype, a pool of fecal samples from every positive animal was subjected to PCR and direct sequencing of the 18S rDNA (Ward et al 2002).…”

Section: Fecal Examinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum genotype I in conventionally reared piglets and lambs

et al. 2003

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Parasites of the genus Cryptosporidium are intracellular parasites that occur throughout the animal kingdom and have been reported in many species of mammals, including human. Most infections in humans are caused by two C. parvum genotypes, genotype I and genotype II; these are the human and the bovine (zoonotic) genotypes, respectively.Successful experimental infection of Cryptosporidium parvum genotype I ''human genotype'' is described in four conventionally reared piglets and in a lamb. The inoculum was originally obtained from two diarrheic children, and the Cryptosporidium genotypes were determined by PCR and rDNA sequencing. The infective dose was between 10 6 and 2·10 6 oocysts. No clinical signs were observed in the infected animals, except in a piglet that showed watery diarrhea. The oocyst shedding period in positive animals ranged between 4 and 10 days. Histopathologic examination of the gastrointestinal tract of two positive piglets revealed shortening of the villi and denudation of the villous tips of the jejunum. In one piglet, the colon mucosa revealed numerous Cryptosporidium oocysts. The storage time of the inocula ( £ 3 weeks in PBS at 4°C) and the age of the animal (newborn) were important for the successful induction of infection.

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“…Conversely, low numbers of human-adapted parasites (i.e., C. hominis) present in water may represent a significant human health threat. Molecular analysis carried out with Cryptosporidium oocysts recovered from water samples demonstrates that a diverse range of species and genotypes may be present in raw water samples (14,15,48,51). Effective risk assessment requires the identification of Cryptosporidium species and/or genotypes that may be present in a water sample.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracking Host Sources of Cryptosporidium spp. in Raw Water for Improved Health Risk Assessment

Ruecker

Braithwaite

Topp

et al. 2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

111

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Recent molecular evidence suggests that different species and/or genotypes of Cryptosporidium display strong host specificity, altering our perceptions regarding the zoonotic potential of this parasite. Molecular forensic profiling of the small-subunit rRNA gene from oocysts enumerated on microscope slides by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency method 1623 was used to identify the range and prevalence of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in the South Nation watershed in Ontario, Canada. Fourteen sites within the watershed were monitored weekly for 10 weeks to assess the occurrence, molecular composition, and host sources of Cryptosporidium parasites impacting water within the region. Cryptosporidium andersoni, Cryptosporidium muskrat genotype II, Cryptosporidium cervine genotype, C. baileyi, C. parvum, Cryptosporidium muskrat genotype I, the Cryptosporidium fox genotype, genotype W1, and genotype W12 were detected in the watershed. The molecular composition of the Cryptosporidium parasites, supported by general land use analysis, indicated that mature cattle were likely the main source of contamination of the watershed. Deer, muskrats, voles, birds, and other wildlife species, in addition to sewage (human or agricultural) may also potentially impact water quality within the study area. Source water protection studies that use land use analysis with molecular genotyping of Cryptosporidium parasites may provide a more robust source-tracking tool to characterize fecal impacts in a watershed. Moreover, the information is vital for assessing environmental and human health risks posed by water contaminated with zoonotic and/or anthroponotic forms of Cryptosporidium.

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Detection of eight Cryptosporidium genotypes in surface and waste waters in Europe

Cited by 64 publications

References 0 publications

Cryptosporidium Taxonomy: Recent Advances and Implications for Public Health

Cryptosporidium Taxonomy: Recent Advances and Implications for Public Health

Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum genotype I in conventionally reared piglets and lambs

Tracking Host Sources of Cryptosporidium spp. in Raw Water for Improved Health Risk Assessment

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