Detection of experimental pulmonary emboli in dogs by sequential positron imaging after inhalation of 15O-carbon dioxide.

Abstract

After inhalation, C15O2 (T1/2 = 2 minutes) rapidly diffuses into pulmonary blood and is cleared from the lungs within 10 seconds. The purpose of this study was to determine whether impaired clearance of inhaled C15O2 from oligemic zones, distal to areas of obstructed pulmonary blood flow, could be detected by serial pulmonary imaging with a positron camera. Experimental obstruction of branches of the pulmonary artery was induced in 19 anesthetized dogs by inflation of balloon-tipped catheters (8-12 mm in diameter), injection of radiopaque silicone spheres (0.5-4.0 mm), and embolization with barium-impregnated autologous blood clots (1-5 mm) via the right external jugular vein. After a single bolus injection of 2 mCi of C15O2 into the endotracheal tube, serial lung images of 15O activity were obtained over 60-180 seconds. Obstruction of pulmonary arterial branches resulted in visualization of discrete zones of impaired 15O clearance which varied in area with catheter diameter. Location and size of these zones were confirmed by repeat imaging after direct injection of 15O-labeled blood through the distal catheter lumen. In dogs receiving autologous clots (n = 8), similar zones of impaired 15O clearance were consistently imaged, and single emboli as small as 2 mm in diameter produced regions of retained 15O activity. Zones of retained 15O activity corresponded to the location of radiopaque emboli on chest radiographs. This study introduces a new technique of radionuclide imaging for detection of pulmonary emboli that is noninvasive, safe, sensitive, and repeatable at short intervals.

Evaluation of autologous blood clot subsegmental pulmonary thromboembolism in minimally invasive experimental canine model

“…Another study demonstrated various emboli size for PTE detection and easily visualized clots of 3–5 mm in diameter (Nichols et al . ). According to the studies, smaller clots escaped detection.…”

“…Traditionally, several laboratory models have been developed especially in rats to understand the pathophysiology of PTE (Nichols et al . ; Sullivan et al . ; Runyon et al .…”

“…Pulmonary thromboembolism was experimentally induced utilizing a blood sample obtained from the same (autologous) dog. The experimental method was modified from the previous study (Nichols et al 1978;Sullivan et al 2001). Briefly, each dog was placed in a standing or sitting position on the experimental table, and the neck was shaved.…”

“…Several diagnostic methods such as contrast angiography, nuclear scintigraphy, multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), magnetic resonance (MR) techniques and coagulation assays have been used for diagnosing PTE (Nichols et al . ; Tapson ; Hurst et al . ; Nelson ).…”

“…Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is associated with many diseases and high rates of morbidity and mortality in both human and veterinary medicine (New & Byers 2011). Several diagnostic methods such as contrast angiography, nuclear scintigraphy, multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), magnetic resonance (MR) techniques and coagulation assays have been used for diagnosing PTE (Nichols et al 1978;Tapson 1997;Hurst et al 1999;Nelson 2005). Recent developments in imaging techniques have increased the rate of detection of acute PTE at the proximal level of the pulmonary arteries (Teigen et al 1995;Remy-Jardin et al 1996;Dalen 2006).…”