Detection of Explosive Precursors Using Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Abstract

The method of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is widely used for studying the liquid and solid compounds. NMR in low fields is one of the promising methods for the detection of liquid explosives and hazardous compounds. The attractiveness of low magnetic fields for solving this problem is in the low cost of the devices themselves and of their operation, and the relatively low-energy inputs for the maintenance of the magnetic field. In this work, the prospects of the application of a magnetic resonance imaging system with the low magnetic field induction for the operative differentiation of the type of the liquid were discussed. On the basis of the above study, it is possible to state that the methodology of the detection of liquid explosive and hazardous compounds using NMR in low and ultra-low fields can be elaborated and successfully introduced for providing security in crowded places.

Classification of Liquids Using a Patch Antenna and Hierarchical Clustering Algorithms

“…Therefore, studies are carried out to develop faster and more sensitive methods for explosive detection [3,4]. For this purpose, the use of Terahertz time domain spectroscopy [5], Raman spectroscopy [6] and Ramanbased standoff detection systems [7], Nuclear magnetic resonance [8], infrared spectroscopy [9] and X ray systems [10] have been proposed. However, each of these techniques has some specific limitations.…”

Recent Developments in Spectroscopic Techniques for the Detection of Explosives

“…Due to the importance of rapid, automatic, and non-contact detection of explosives for homeland security and environmental safety [8], a variety of spectroscopic technologies have been employed to detect trace quantities of explosives; for example, terahertz (THz) spectroscopy [9,10], laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) [11,12,13,14,15,16], Raman spectroscopy [17,18,19,20,21,22], ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) [23,24,25,26], nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) [27,28,29,30], nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) [31,32,33], laser-induced thermal emissions (LITE) [34,35], infrared (IR) spectroscopy [36,37,38], mass spectrometry [39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46], optical emission spectroscopy (OES) [47,48], photo-thermal infrared imaging spectroscopy (PT-IRIS) [49,50,51], photoacoustic techniques [52,53,54], FT-FIR spectroscopy [55], microwave [56], and millimeter-wave [57], etc. Various electromagnetic radiations such as X-ray [58] and γ rays [59] have also been employed in explosive detection.…”