Detection of fluid mud layers using tuning fork, dual-frequency echo sounder, and chirp sub-bottom measurements

Carneiro, José Walkimar de M.; Gallo, Marcos Esteban; Vinzón, Susana B.

doi:10.1007/s10236-020-01346-8

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…(2019), and Carneiro et al. (2020), use an exponential function of the type

τ_{y} = a_{2} \exp (b_{2} ϕ_{s})

instead of a power relation. This type does not result in

τ_{y} = 0

for

ϕ_{s} = 0

but in

τ_{y} = a_{2}

.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Using a Holistic Modeling Approach to Simulate Mud‐Induced Periodic Stratification in Hyper‐Turbid Estuaries

Schmidt

Malcherek

2021

Geophysical Research Letters

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In some estuaries, deepening and dredging caused a shift to very high sediment concentrations resulting in thick layers of fluid mud. Examples for such hyper-turbid estuaries are the Ems, Loire and Yangtze river. The Ems estuary is located at the German-Dutch border, see Figure 1a, with main riverine inputs from Ems () and Leda (). Intensive dredging of the river has changed the flow profile such that the flood phase, compared to the ebb phase, is shorter, with higher velocities and acceleration. This led to an over 40 km long estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) and the formation of a thick fluid mud layer with concentrations up to several tens to hundreds of grams per liter (Schrottke, 2006;Talke et al., 2009). Recent measurements of Becker et al. (2018a) show strongly varying concentration and velocity profiles over a tidal cycle. The processes occurring in the Ems are illustrated in Figure 1b which shows the concentration of suspended sediment over a tidal cycle in the estuary. During flood tide (position A), intense mixing occurs and the sediment concentration profile increases almost linearly from the free surface to the consolidated mud layer at the bottom. A shear layer is located near the bed, above the lower pronounced density gradient (lutocline). During slack water (position B) the sediment in the upper layer settles down and a two-layer flow forms, divided by a second lutocline. The rapid change in the concentration profile can be explained with turbulence damping due to stratification, which reduces vertical mixing and in turn leads to increased settling. The position of the largest density gradient moves upwards from the consolidated mud interface to the fluid mud-water interface. This restratification is related to damping of turbulent mixing processes.

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“…(2019), and Carneiro et al. (2020), use an exponential function of the type

τ_{y} = a_{2} \exp (b_{2} ϕ_{s})

instead of a power relation. This type does not result in

τ_{y} = 0

for

ϕ_{s} = 0

but in

τ_{y} = a_{2}

.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A few decades ago, the dependence of yield stress on volume fraction for fine sediments was found to be   Migniot, 1968). Most authors, such as O'Brien and Julien (1988), Coussot and Piau (1994), Fonseca et al (2019), andCarneiro et al (2020), use an exponential function of the type…”

Section: Of 12mentioning

confidence: 99%

Using a Holistic Modeling Approach to Simulate Mud‐Induced Periodic Stratification in Hyper‐Turbid Estuaries

Schmidt

Malcherek

2021

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…The dual-frequency echo sounder, operating with two transducers (one with a high frequency of 200 kHz, and the second with a low frequency of 30 kHz), was used to identify the in situ thickness of the fluid mud layer. High-and low-frequency echo sounders reflect at the mud-water interface (i.e., the lutocline), and the hard bottom or the consolidated mud layer, respectively [30,31]. In total, 888 transects with a distance of 20 m were chosen in the inner and outer channels to estimate the spatial variability of the fluid mud thickness in the study area (Figure 2).…”

Section: Hydrographic Surveymentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical and Rheological Characteristics of Sediment for Nautical Depth Assessment in Bushehr Port and Its Access Channel

Samsami

Haghshenas

Soltanpour

2022

Water

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Sedimentation in ports and waterways covered with fine deposits is a significant challenge in harbor management. The top layer of the bed in such areas typically consists of fluid mud, for which dredging is complicated and less efficient. The goal of this paper is to investigate physical and rheological characteristics of sediment for nautical depth assessment in Bushehr Port and its access channel. In this study the fluid mud layer was detected by hydrographic surveys with a dual-frequency echo sounder. Moreover, sediment properties in various parts of the channel and port were analyzed through a comprehensive sediment sampling in the field and complementary laboratory studies, including sediment grain-size analysis and distribution, carbonate and organic matter content, rheometry, and consolidation and settling tests. It was found that water contents and concentration, and clay-size fractions are the most important factors in rheological characteristics of sediment in the study area. The results indicated that the clay-size fraction in the surficial bed was between 18 and 31%, which categorized it as fine and cohesive sediment. In terms of mineralogy, the sediment was mostly carbonate mud with carbonate content between 52.9 and 57.2%. The results showed that the sediment concentration and yield stress in most samples were lower than 1030 kg/m3 and 123 Pascals, respectively. Based on the hydrographic surveys and obtained sediment characteristics, it is concluded that the nautical bottom approach can be practically implemented in the Bushehr Port and its access channel.

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“…On the basis of this protocol, a link was found between the S-wave velocities and the fluidic yield stress (Ma et al, 2021). The non-intrusive measurements such as x-ray and ultrasonic measurements are favorable because other measurements will alter the characteristic of the fluid mud and the result will be inaccurate (Kirichek et al, 2018;Carneiro et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating P- and S-Wave Velocities in Fluid Mud Using Seismic Interferometry

Kirichek

Heller

et al. 2022

Front. Earth Sci.

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Fluid mud plays an important role in navigability in ports and waterways. Characterizing and monitoring the seismic properties of the fluid mud can help understand its geotechnical behavior. Estimation of the wave velocities in fluid mud with high accuracy and repeatability enables investigating the behavior of parameters like the yield stress in a nonintrusive and reliable way. We perform ultrasonic reflection measurements in a laboratory to investigate the wave propagation in a water/fluid-mud layered system. The component of wave propagation in the water layer inevitably brings kinematic dependence on the characteristics of that layer, making the estimation of exact velocities in the fluid mud more challenging. In order to extract the wave velocities only in the fluid-mud layer, we use a reflection geometry imitating field measurement to record the ultrasonic data from sources and receivers in the water layer. We then use seismic interferometry to retrieve ghost reflections from virtual sources and receivers placed directly at the water-mud interface. Using velocity analysis applied to the ghost reflections, we successfully obtain the P-wave and S-wave velocities only inside the fluid-mud layer, and investigate the velocity change during the self-weight consolidation of the fluid mud. Our results indicate that the S-wave velocities of the fluid mud increase with consolidation time, and show that reflection measurements and ghost reflections can be used to monitor the geotechnical behavior of fluid mud.

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Detection of fluid mud layers using tuning fork, dual-frequency echo sounder, and chirp sub-bottom measurements

Cited by 11 publications

References 24 publications

Using a Holistic Modeling Approach to Simulate Mud‐Induced Periodic Stratification in Hyper‐Turbid Estuaries

Using a Holistic Modeling Approach to Simulate Mud‐Induced Periodic Stratification in Hyper‐Turbid Estuaries

Physical and Rheological Characteristics of Sediment for Nautical Depth Assessment in Bushehr Port and Its Access Channel

Estimating P- and S-Wave Velocities in Fluid Mud Using Seismic Interferometry

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