Herein, a peculiar fluorometric as well
as smartphone-assisted RGB-relied sensing assay is introduced for
determining pendimethalin (PDM) herbicide contents (in parts per trillion
level) based on the anthracene-incorporated pyrimidinone/thione probes
(S1 to S4). These compounds offered a unique and impressive aggregation-induced
emission enhancement (AIEE) behavior by aggregation in H2O-dimethylformamide medium. Furthermore, these AIEE active compounds
were found to display superior selectivity and extraordinary sensitivity
for PDM detection via fluorescence quenching response. The extent
of quenching degree was found to be linearly varied with the PDM concentration
ranging from 0 to 20 nM, with a lower limit of detection of 367.8
pM (103.4 ppt) by S3 nanoaggregates. The detailed investigation revealed
that such a high sensitivity of the designed sensor toward PDM is
attributable to the existence of dual “photoinduced charge
transfer and Förster resonance energy transfer process mechanisms”.
The Stern–Volmer plots, Job’s plot, Benesi–Hildebrand
plot, and 1H NMR titrations as well indicated the existence
of substantial interactions between the sensor and PDM. The conducted
selectivity tests provided distinguishable selectivity for PDM detection
over various other insecticides/pesticides as well as other structural
nitro analogues. Additionally, the presented sensing assay was also
applied to quantify the PDM residues in spiked food (vegetables, fruits,
and grains) and water samples. In addition, the sensor-coated fluorescent
paper test strips were also fabricated for on-site detection of PDM.
The applicability of smartphone-relied RGB analysis significantly
streamlined the operation process, speeds up the detection procedure,
and also offered a novel methodology for real-time analysis of PDM
in real samples.