Detection of Hepatitis C virus RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with abnormal alanine transaminase in Ahvaz

Makvandi, Manoochehr; Khalafkhany, Davod; Rasti, Mojtaba; Neisi, Niloofar; Omidvarinia, A; Mirghaed, AT; Masjedizadeh, Abdolrahim; Shyesteh, AA

doi:10.4103/0255-0857.136553

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Patients with long-term persistent ALT abnormality or with the lack of overt viral detection and autoimmune markers, have been shown to be positive for HBV DNA (OBI)[ 114 ]. While the etiology of cryptogenic liver disease remains unknown, the association of occult hepatitis C has been reported in patients with abnormal alanin aminotransaminase[ 115 ]. OBI has been regarded as an additional risk factor for progression of liver cirrhosis and HCC[ 26 , 116 ].…”

Section: Obi and Cryptogenic Liver Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Update on occult hepatitis B virus infection

Makvandi¹

2016

WJG

157

147

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The event of mutations in the surface antigen gene of hepatitis B virus (HBV) results in undetectable hepatitis B surface antigen with positive/negative anti-hepatitis B core (anti-HBc) antibody status in serum and this phenomenon is named occult hepatitis B infection (OBI). The presence of anti-HBc antibody in serum is an important key for OBI tracking, although about 20% of OBI cases are negative for anti-HBc antibody. The diagnosis of OBI is mainly based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR assays. However, real-time PCR is a more reliable method than PCR. OBI is a great issue for the public health problem and a challenge for the clinical entity worldwide. The persistence of OBI may lead to the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. With regard to OBI complications, the screening of HBV DNA by the highly sensitive molecular means should be implemented for: (1) patients with a previous history of chronic or acute HBV infection; (2) patients co-infected with hepatitis C virus/human immunodeficiency virus; (3) patients undergoing chemotherapy or anti-CD20 therapy; (4) recipients of organ transplant; (5) blood donors; (6) organ transplant donors; (7) thalassemia and hemophilia patients; (8) health care workers; (9) patients with liver related disease (cryptogenic); (10) hemodialysis patients; (11) patients undergoing lamivudine or interferon therapy; and (12) children in time of HBV vaccination especially in highly endemic areas of HBV. Active HBV vaccination should be implemented for the close relatives of patients who are negative for OBI markers. Thus, the goal of this review is to evaluate the rate of OBI with a focus on status of high risk groups in different regions of the world.

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Section: Obi and Cryptogenic Liver Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Update on occult hepatitis B virus infection

Makvandi¹

2016

WJG

157

147

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“…9 OBI and OCI have attracted more attention recently, since they appear to be related to the progressed liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. 19 (0.25%) 20 and Thailand (18.2%) 21 ; in people with glomerular nephropathies in Spain (39.0%) 22 ; in people with cryptogenic liver disease in Iran (10.1%), 10 Spain (57.0%), 9 and Pakistan (74.0%) 23 ; in those with HIV infection in Georgia (10.2%) 13 and Iran (9.2%) 24 ; in people with HBV infection (28%) in Italy 25 ; among those with HCC in Italy (40.0%) 23 ; in individuals with elevated ALT (32%) in Iran 26 ; in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders (20%) in Egypt 27 and Spain (13.3%) 28 ; in individuals with various hematological disorders in Egypt (20%) 29 ; in individuals with kidney transplantation (0.5%) in Germany 20 and Egypt (3.7%) 30 ; in general population in Italy (3.3%) 31 ; and in volunteer blood donors in China (2.2%). 32 Therefore, there are numerous reports of the presence of OCI in different groups of people worldwide.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study in Iran showed the increased level of ALT in patients with OCI. 26 In Thailand, the high prevalence of HBV and HCV infection in HIV-infected Thai patients has reported. Male sex, elevated serum ALT levels, and low CD4 percentage are associated with coinfection of HBV and HCV and HIV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occult HCV and occult HBV coinfection in Iranian human immunodeficiency virus‐infected individuals

Jamshidi

Bokharaei‐Salim

Esghaei

et al. 2020

Journal of Medical Virology

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The presence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome in liver biopsy or peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) specimens in the absence of detectable HCV‐RNA in plasma of the people with or without anti‐HCV antibodies has defined as occult HCV infection (OCI), whereas occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) is detection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome in the absence of traceable hepatitis B surface antigen in the plasma samples of patients. The purpose of this study is to determine the presence of OBI and OCI in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected individuals. In this cross‐sectional research, 190 Iranian HIV‐infected individuals were enrolled from September 2015 to February 2019. All participants were tested regarding various serological markers for HCV and HBV infections. Viral RNA and DNA were extracted from plasma and PBMC specimens, and the presence of HCV‐RNA in plasma and PBMC samples was tested using reverse transcriptase‐nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), HBV viral load was determined in plasma samples using COBAS TaqMan 48 Kit, and also the presence of the HBV‐DNA in PBMC samples was tested by real‐time PCR. In this study, the prevalence of OBI and OCI in HIV‐infected individuals was 3.1% and 11.4%, respectively. The genotypes of HCV in the patients with OCI were as follows: 57.1% were infected with subtype 3a, 35.7% were infected with subtype 1a, and 7.1% was infected with subtype 1b. It is noteworthy that in this study, two patients (1.1%) had OCI/OBI coinfections. The present study revealed that 1.1% of Iranian HIV‐infected individuals had OBI and OCI at the same time. Therefore, it seems that designing prospective surveys to determine the presence of this coinfection in HIV‐infected individuals is informative.

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“…[17][18] Since the first description of OCI 8 many data supporting the presence of OCI in specific populations such as in HD and patients with cryptogenic liver cirrhosis. 12,19,20 Meanwhile, others have reported absence of OCI in patients with immunosuppressive conditions and HCV-associated diseases. [21][22][23] Nonetheless, the contribution of this extrahepatic reservoir could have clinical consequences in viral transmission and disease pathogenesis, thus, future studies are needed to add to our knowledge of the OCI clinical significance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seronegative Occult Hepatitis C Virus Infection (OCI) in a Main Haemodialysis Centre In Pahang, Malaysia

Snf¹,

Ha²,

Mia³

2020

imjm

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Introduction: Occult HCV infection has a predilection for specific populations such as haemodialysis (HD) patients. The exact natural course, epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical importance of OCI are unknown. We investigated the existence of OCI among local patients undergoing routine HD at a referral hospital in Pahang, Malaysia. Methods: Serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBCs) were collected from peripheral venous blood samples of seropositive (anti-HCV positive) and seronegative (anti-HCV negative) HD patients as well as healthy individuals (negative control group). Inclusion criteria for the seronegative patients included elevated liver enzymes. Both conventional PCR and strand-specific PCR were used to detect the viral RNA and to indicate active viral replication in PBMCs respectively. Direct DNA sequencing was done to confirm the viral HCV RNA and their genotypes. Results: In the majority (90-100%) of seropositive chronic hepatitis C patients, viral RNA was detected in both serum and PMBCs . Meanwhile, out of 22 seronegative patients, 6 (27%) showed active viral replication in PBMCs but no detectable viral RNA presence in the serum. None of the negative control group had detectable viral RNA. All seronegative patients with OCI were infected with HCV genotype 3 and two of them (2/6) had a slight elevation of their liver enzymes. Conclusion: Seronegative OCI does exist among local hemodialysis patients, with normal or persistently abnormal liver enzyme values. Further investigation is needed to study the mode of viral transmission and clinical significance of OCI in HD setting.

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Detection of Hepatitis C virus RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with abnormal alanine transaminase in Ahvaz

Abstract: In the present study high rate of 32% occult hepatitis C were found among the patients with elevated ALT.

Cited by 16 publications

References 19 publications

Update on occult hepatitis B virus infection

Update on occult hepatitis B virus infection

Occult HCV and occult HBV coinfection in Iranian human immunodeficiency virus‐infected individuals

Seronegative Occult Hepatitis C Virus Infection (OCI) in a Main Haemodialysis Centre In Pahang, Malaysia

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