The critical performance
factors such as selectivity, sensitivity,
operational and storage stability, and response time of electrochemical
biosensors are governed mainly by the function of their key component,
the bioelectrode. Suitable design and fabrication strategies of the
bioelectrode interface are essential for realizing the requisite performance
of the biosensors for their practical utility. A multifaceted attempt
to achieve this goal is visible from the vast literature exploring
effective strategies for preparing, immobilizing, and stabilizing
biorecognition elements on the electrode surface and efficient transduction
of biochemical signals into electrical ones (i.e., current, voltage,
and impedance) through the bioelectrode interface with the aid of
advanced materials and techniques. The commercial success of biosensors
in modern society is also increasingly influenced by their size (and
hence portability), multiplexing capability, and coupling in the
interface of the wireless communication technology, which facilitates
quick data transfer and linked decision-making processes in real-time
in different areas such as healthcare, agriculture, food, and environmental
applications. Therefore, fabrication of the bioelectrode involves
careful selection and control of several parameters, including biorecognition
elements, electrode materials, shape and size of the electrode, detection
principles, and various fabrication strategies, including microscale
and printing technologies. This review discusses recent trends in
bioelectrode designs and fabrications for developing electrochemical
biosensors. The discussions have been delineated into the types of
biorecognition elements and their immobilization strategies, signal
transduction approaches, commonly used advanced materials for electrode
fabrication and techniques for fabricating the bioelectrodes, and
device integration with modern electronic communication technology
for developing electrochemical biosensors of commercial interest.