Detection of high‐risk groups and individuals for periodontal diseases: laboratory markers from analysis of saliva*

Abstract

The use of saliva as a source of components that may identify subjects at risk of developing destructive periodontitis, or provide markers of disease potential or activity, has been reviewed. It was concluded that bacteria, their constituents or products are unlikely to be rewarding and that host-derived salivary factors such as enzymes cannot identify risk, as deficiency states for these do not exist. Secretory IgA, plasma IgA and IgG isotype levels and specific antibodies may be associated with risk, but probably only if levels fall below those which are protective or a specific antibody response is absent. More work is needed to distinguish between monomeric and dimeric IgA antibodies and to identify IgG antibodies in longitudinal clinical studies. In general, although saliva may prove to be useful as a source of indicators of current disease activity or as a means of assessing responses to treatment, it is unlikely to provide evidence for the existence of risk factors.

Improved visualization of low abundance oral fluid proteins after triple depletion of alpha amylase, albumin and IgG

“…For MS identification, a 2‐DE containing 100 μg protein sample was prepared and fixed in 50% (v/v) ethanol, 12% (v/v) acetic acid for 2 h. Proteins were visualized by staining with a SilverQuest staining kit for MS compatible silver staining (SilverQuest, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Electrophoretically separated spots were sterilely excised from gels, and in‐gel reduced (10 mM Dithiothreitol, incubated at 60°C for 30 min), alkylated (10 mM iodoacetamide, at room temperature for 30 min) and proteolyzed with trypsin (overnight at 37°C using modified trypsin, Promega) at a 1:100 enzyme‐to‐substrate ratio) according to Wilton et al , 1989.…”

Saliva: A diagnostic biomarker of periodontal diseases

“…[25] Furthermore, detection of keratins by monoclonal antibodies may have diagnostic value in the detection of epithelial dysplasia, oral cancer, odontogenic cysts, and tumors. [26]…”

Etiologic factors of early-onset periodontal disease in Down syndrome

“…However, bacterial colonization was shown to be inhibited by salivary sIgA [57], and adults with low levels of sIgA as well as the specific sIgA antibodies had an increased risk of periodontitis and tooth loss [58,59]. In Down syndrome children, significantly higher levels of salivary sIgA and a marked lower prevalence of tooth caries were reported [29,60].…”