Detection of HTLV‐I and ‐II in Scottish blood donor samples and archive donations

Davidson, Fiona; Lycett, C. D. L.; Jarvis, Lisa; Kerr, Douglas A.; Lumley, S.; Petrík, Juraj; Dow, B. C.

doi:10.1111/j.1423-0410.2006.00816.x

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…It has been used to determine viral type and to define serologically inconclusive cases. Currently, real time PCR has been preferentially employed over conventional PCR because it can be used as a confirmatory test or to measure HTLV proviral load [Davidson et al, 2006].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long‐term serological follow‐up of blood donors with an HTLV‐Indeterminate Western Blot: Antibody Profile of Seroconverters and Individuals With False Reactions

Martins

Santos

Namen-Lopes

et al. 2010

Journal of Medical Virology

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The high proportion of indeterminate results of the screening test for human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection has been a challenge worldwide. In this study, 60 persons with seroindeterminate results for HTLV were followed until their serological status was defined. At least two independent serological tests (EIA and WB) from sequential samples were performed at an average interval of 4.4 years, totaling 141 serum samples tested. Seroconversion occurred in 12 individuals (reactive by EIA, positive by WB and PCR), and 48 were classified as false reactions (non-reactive EIA and negative PCR, but indeterminate WB). The seroconverter group had epidemiological features similar to those seen in HTLV-1 carriers, and the average time of follow-up for seroconversion was 4 years. In the group with false reactions, the most frequent indeterminate WB pattern in the samples was the presence of p24 alone. This pattern was absent in the seroconverter group, suggesting that p24 alone is an indicator of false reactivity. In contrast, the presence of p19 and p24 seems to be an indicator of true reactivity, since this pattern was frequent (66.7%) among the seroconverters and much less common (10.4% of the first samples) among the individuals with false reactions (P = 0.0001). Thus, HTLV infection may be suspected when reactivity to p19 and p24 is observed. Individuals with an indeterminate WB pattern should be followed-up and retested. The improvement of the HTLV algorithm screening of blood donors has been necessary to reduce inconclusive results and to avoid unnecessary follow-up to define the status of infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long‐term serological follow‐up of blood donors with an HTLV‐Indeterminate Western Blot: Antibody Profile of Seroconverters and Individuals With False Reactions

Martins

Santos

Namen-Lopes

et al. 2010

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…Numerous epidemiological studies have been performed in this continent, mainly in blood donors and in pregnant women (Courtois et al, 1990; Courouce et al, 1993; Nightingale et al, 1993; Zaaijer et al, 1994; Dalekos et al, 1995; Ferrante et al, 1997; Hale et al, 1997; Tuset et al, 1997; Poljak et al, 1998; Ades et al, 2000; Machuca et al, 2000; Tseliou et al, 2004, 2006; Vrielink and Reesink, 2004; Taylor et al, 2005; Davidson et al, 2006; Laperche et al, 2009; Brant et al, 2011). Furthermore, several large series of ATL and TSP/HAM have been reported (Gout et al, 1989; Rio et al, 1990; Plumelle et al, 1993; Martin et al, 2010; Ceesay et al, 2012).…”

Section: Htlv-1 Worldwide Distribution and Prevalence Estimates By Gementioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological Aspects and World Distribution of HTLV-1 Infection

Gessain¹,

Cassar²

2012

Front. Microbio.

1,170

1,152

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The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), identified as the first human oncogenic retrovirus 30 years ago, is not an ubiquitous virus. HTLV-1 is present throughout the world, with clusters of high endemicity located often nearby areas where the virus is nearly absent. The main HTLV-1 highly endemic regions are the Southwestern part of Japan, sub-Saharan Africa and South America, the Caribbean area, and foci in Middle East and Australo-Melanesia. The origin of this puzzling geographical or rather ethnic repartition is probably linked to a founder effect in some groups with the persistence of a high viral transmission rate. Despite different socio-economic and cultural environments, the HTLV-1 prevalence increases gradually with age, especially among women in all highly endemic areas. The three modes of HTLV-1 transmission are mother to child, sexual transmission, and transmission with contaminated blood products. Twenty years ago, de Thé and Bomford estimated the total number of HTLV-1 carriers to be 10–20 millions people. At that time, large regions had not been investigated, few population-based studies were available and the assays used for HTLV-1 serology were not enough specific. Despite the fact that there is still a lot of data lacking in large areas of the world and that most of the HTLV-1 studies concern only blood donors, pregnant women, or different selected patients or high-risk groups, we shall try based on the most recent data, to revisit the world distribution and the estimates of the number of HTLV-1 infected persons. Our best estimates range from 5–10 millions HTLV-1 infected individuals. However, these results were based on only approximately 1.5 billion of individuals originating from known HTLV-1 endemic areas with reliable available epidemiological data. Correct estimates in other highly populated regions, such as China, India, the Maghreb, and East Africa, is currently not possible, thus, the current number of HTLV-1 carriers is very probably much higher.

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“…In 1995, Sweden decided to screen only the first blood donation for anti-HTLV-1 (97) due to the almost nonexistent local transmission of the virus. Wales and Scotland decided to use minipools (mixture of plasma from blood donors) in 2002 (19).…”

Section: Screening Tests and Residual Risk Of Transfusion-transmittedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology, Treatment, and Prevention of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1-Associated Diseases

Gonçalves

Proietti

Ribas³

et al. 2010

Clin Microbiol Rev

407

321

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SUMMARYHuman T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the first human retrovirus to be discovered, is present in diverse regions of the world, where its infection is usually neglected in health care settings and by public health authorities. Since it is usually asymptomatic in the beginning of the infection and disease typically manifests later in life, silent transmission occurs, which is associated with sexual relations, breastfeeding, and blood transfusions. There are no prospects of vaccines, and screening of blood banks and in prenatal care settings is not universal. Therefore, its transmission is active in many areas such as parts of Africa, South and Central America, the Caribbean region, Asia, and Melanesia. It causes serious diseases in humans, including adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and an incapacitating neurological disease (HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis [HAM/TSP]) besides other afflictions such as uveitis, rheumatic syndromes, and predisposition to helminthic and bacterial infections, among others. These diseases are not curable as yet, and current treatments as well as new perspectives are discussed in the present review.

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Detection of HTLV‐I and ‐II in Scottish blood donor samples and archive donations

Abstract: The HTLV PCR is a useful addition for HTLV confirmation, especially in serologically indeterminate samples and for look-back studies. HTLV PCR confirmation will provide additional useful information for donor medical staff for counselling donors.

Cited by 13 publications

References 22 publications

Long‐term serological follow‐up of blood donors with an HTLV‐Indeterminate Western Blot: Antibody Profile of Seroconverters and Individuals With False Reactions

Long‐term serological follow‐up of blood donors with an HTLV‐Indeterminate Western Blot: Antibody Profile of Seroconverters and Individuals With False Reactions

Epidemiological Aspects and World Distribution of HTLV-1 Infection

Epidemiology, Treatment, and Prevention of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1-Associated Diseases

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