Detection of human herpesvirus-6, Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus in formalin-fixed tissues from sudden infant death: A study with quantitative real-time PCR

Correlation between infection of herpes virus family and liver function parameters: a population-based cross-sectional study

“…Therefore, our findings may contribute to the identification of herpes virus antibodies seropositivity in children of different ages based on levels of hepatic function parameters, providing certain reference data for identifying optimal parameters for the diseased state. Among a total of 622 infected children, 63 were co-infected with two pathogens, including CMV/HSV, CMV/EBV, and EBV/ HSV, which is consistent with previous reports [34][35][36]. However, further studies are required to clarify the relationship between liver function and interaction involved in patients co-infected by multiple pathogens.…”

Review of immunological and virological aspects as contributory factors in Sudden Unexpected Death in Infancy (SUDI)

“…Some viruses isolated from SUDI cases include human enterovirus [10,23], HAdV [10,23,24], Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) [10,11], parvovirus B19 [10], human herpes simplex virus (HSV) [10,11], CMV [11,23,24], human rhinovirus (HRV) [24], influenza virus [23,24], RSV [23,25], HPIV [25] and rotavirus [26], isolated from myocardial, lung, bowel and liver specimens [10,23,24]. At Tygerberg FPS Mortuary myocardial and bowel specimens from SUDI cases are not considered for routine viral investigation and HRV, EBV, parvovirus B19, HSV, human enterovirus and rotavirus do not grow in shell-vial cultures.…”

“…Viral culture is rarely successful from autopsy specimens. Numerous other respiratory viruses have been isolated from SUDI cases and new respiratory viruses are continuously being discovered [8][9][10][11]. This justifies the need for nucleic acid (NA) amplification techniques that are continually improved to maintain the changing virological profile that could contribute to SUDI [8].…”

“…Rambaud et al [12] emphasised that bacterial and viral testing in SUDI investigations are important and that a diagnosis of SIDS should be regarded as invalid if no such tests were conducted. The presence of viral pathogens in lung tissue from SIDS cases is not always indicative of cause of death, for example dormant CMV has been found in numerous infants and babies without any pathological manifestation [11]. Fodha et al [13] found that high nasopharyngeal RSV viral loads were shown to be a strong predictor of disease severity in infants, but a specific 6 viral load that is required for respiratory infections to be deemed a significant contributing factor in causing death is still undefined [14].…”

“…The significance of detecting viruses has largely remained undetermined in the context of SIDS [10,11,24,27]. Controversy exists and the same viruses are circulating at similar or higher frequencies in babies that died from accidents, and are also similar to those viruses circulating in living babies and infants in the general population causing self-limiting infections [27,28].…”