Detection of hypoglycin A in the seeds of sycamore (<i>Acer pseudoplatanus</i>) and box elder (<i>A. negundo</i>) in New Zealand; the toxin associated with cases of equine atypical myopathy

McKenzie, R. K.; Hill, F. W.; Habyarimana, Jean Belt Adélite; Boemer, François; Votion, Dominique

doi:10.1080/00480169.2015.1123123

Cited by 19 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…This multivariate approach has subsequently been validated against independent AM animal’s cohorts. Acylcarnitines have been quantified on eight AM horses from Denmark (4 survivors and 4 deceased) [ 18 ] and four animals from New-Zealand (2 survivors and 2 deceased) [ 19 ]. Except for the case with mildly elevated CK that was collected before symptoms development, all samples were collected the more precociously after symptoms apparition to analyze acylcarnitines profile.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acylcarnitines profile best predicts survival in horses with atypical myopathy

et al. 2017

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Equine atypical myopathy (AM) is caused by hypoglycin A intoxication and is characterized by a high fatality rate. Predictive estimation of survival in AM horses is necessary to prevent unnecessary suffering of animals that are unlikely to survive and to focus supportive therapy on horses with a possible favourable prognosis of survival. We hypothesized that outcome may be predicted early in the course of disease based on the assumption that the acylcarnitine profile reflects the derangement of muscle energetics. We developed a statistical model to prognosticate the risk of death of diseased animals and found that estimation of outcome may be drawn from three acylcarnitines (C2, C10:2 and C18 -carnitines) with a high sensitivity and specificity. The calculation of the prognosis of survival makes it possible to distinguish the horses that will survive from those that will die despite severe signs of acute rhabdomyolysis in both groups.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acylcarnitines profile best predicts survival in horses with atypical myopathy

et al. 2017

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“…Atypical myopathy (AM) is a non-exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis syndrome that strikes grazing equids on a seasonal rhythm. This condition has been initially described in the 1980s in the United Kingdom [1], but was later reported in about 15 European countries [2], in the US [3], and in New Zealand [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Grazing Mares on Pasture with Sycamore Maples: A Potential Threat to Suckling Foals and Food Safety through Milk Contamination

Renaud

François

Boemer

et al. 2021

Animals

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Equine atypical myopathy (AM) is seasonal intoxication resulting from the ingestion of seeds and seedlings of the sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) that contain toxins, among them, hypoglycin A (HGA). Literature mentions several cases of AM among gravid mares and in unweaned foals. The objective of this study was to determine whether HGA and/or its metabolite are present in milk from grazing mares exposed to sycamore maple trees as confirmed by detection of HGA and its metabolite in their blood. Four mare/foal couples were included in the study. Both HGA and its metabolite were detectable in all but one of the milk samples. To our knowledge, this is the first study describing transfer of HGA to the milk. This unprecedented observation could partially explain cases of unweaned foals suffering from AM. However, a transplacental transfer of the toxin cannot be excluded for newborn foals. Besides being a source of contamination for offspring, milk contamination by toxins from fruits of trees of the Sapindaceae family might constitute a potential risk for food safety regarding other species’ raw milk or dairy products.

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“…Exposure to non-proteinogenic amino acids hypoglycin A (HGA) and methylenecyclopropylglycine (MCPrG) can lead to severe intoxication in several species, including humans, , horses, , deer, , gnus, and camels . As secondary plant constituents of the soap tree family (Sapindaceae), these substances have been found in fruits of litchi (Litchi chinensis), akee (Blighia sapida), ,, and various maple trees including sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus). ,− Ingestion of seedlings and seeds of sycamore maple trees is known to cause poisoning in grazing horses, resulting in the so-called atypical pasture myopathy (AM) characterized by muscle stiffness, myoglobinuria, frequently found hyperglycemia, and mortalities. ,, Contrary to horses, studies conducted in humans or laboratory animals reveal hypoglycemia following the ingestion of maple toxins. ,− …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Hypoglycin A and MCPrG Metabolites in the Milk and Urine of Pasture Dairy Cows after Intake of Sycamore Seedlings

Engel

El‐Khatib

Klevenhusen

et al. 2023

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Hypoglycin A (HGA), methylenecyclopropylglycine (MCPrG), hypoglycin B (HGB), and γ-glutamyl-α-(methylenecyclopropyl) glycine (γ-glutamyl-MCPrG) are secondary plant metabolites occurring in sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) as well as several other Sapindaceae (e.g., Blighia sapida). By interfering with energy metabolism, they may cause severe intoxication in humans and other species. However, to date, there is not enough data available concerning the intake, metabolism, or excretion of sycamore maple toxins in dairy cows. In May 2022, five cows were observed over four days, when they had first access to a pasture with two sycamore maples. Grazing of their seedlings that grew numerously in between the pasture plants was monitored by direct observation. Milk samples were drawn both from individual cows and from the bulk tank. Spontaneous urine samples were collected from all cows on day 3 after access to the pasture. Seedlings (100 g) were sampled on the pasture and analyzed, together with milk and urine samples, for sycamore toxins and their metabolites using liquid chromatography− tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Cows ingested sycamore seedlings while grazing. Values of HGA in milk were below the limit of quantification. However, metabolites of HGA and MCPrG were detected in individual milk samples already at the end of the first day of grazing. Urine samples of all five cows showed higher concentrations of conjugated HGA and MCPrG metabolites than in milk. Observations suggest that dairy cows may have a low susceptibility toward sycamore maple toxins. However, whether this could be attributed to foregut fermenting species in general requires further elucidation.

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Detection of hypoglycin A in the seeds of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) and box elder (A. negundo) in New Zealand; the toxin associated with cases of equine atypical myopathy

Cited by 19 publications

References 15 publications

Acylcarnitines profile best predicts survival in horses with atypical myopathy

Acylcarnitines profile best predicts survival in horses with atypical myopathy

Grazing Mares on Pasture with Sycamore Maples: A Potential Threat to Suckling Foals and Food Safety through Milk Contamination

Detection of Hypoglycin A and MCPrG Metabolites in the Milk and Urine of Pasture Dairy Cows after Intake of Sycamore Seedlings

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