Detection of<i>Escherichia coli</i>O157:H7 from<i>Musca domestica</i>(Diptera: Muscidae) at a Cattle Farm in Japan

Iwasa, Mitsuhiro; Makino, Sou‐ichi; Asakura, Hiroshi; Kobori, Hideaki; Morimoto, Yoko

doi:10.1093/jmedent/36.1.108

Cited by 123 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…24 Thirty flies were removed from each cage by aspirator 26 on days 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 after they emerged. They were killed by exposure to low temperature (Ϫ20ЊC), 21 placed into a plastic tube with 50 ml of eluting fluid, 27 and vortexed. The eluant with the flies was filtered onto the surface of a 25-mm-diameter cellulose acetate membrane (CAM).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…15 Cattle manure is recognized source of C. parvum oocysts, 16,17 and is also a favorite breeding place, food source, and descending site of house flies. [18][19][20] Although house flies come into direct contact with manure, and it has been demonstrated that small particles readily adhere to the exterior surfaces of the fly, 21,22 the role of house flies as the transport hosts for C. parvum oocysts has not been elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to determine if house flies can serve as transport hosts for infectious C. parvum oocysts.…”

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confidence: 99%

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House flies (Musca domestica) as transport hosts of Cryptosporidium parvum.

Graczyk¹,

Cranfield²,

Fayer³

et al. 1999

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Refuse and promiscuous-landing synanthropic filth flies, such as house flies (Musca domestica), are recognized as transport hosts for a variety of protozoan and metazoan parasites in addition to viral and bacterial pathogens of public health importance. Exposure of adult M. domestica to 20 ml of bovine diarrheal feces containing Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts (2.0 ϫ 10 5 oocysts/ml) resulted in intense deposition of the oocysts through fly feces on the surfaces visited by the flies (mean ϭ 108 oocysts/cm 2 ). Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were detected by immunofluorescent antibodies on the exoskeleton of adult flies and in their digestive tracts. An average of 267, 131,32,19, and 14 oocysts per adult fly were eluted from its exoskeleton on days 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 after they emerged, respectively. Approximately 320 C. parvum oocysts per pupa were eluted from the external surface of the pupae derived from maggots that breed in a substrate contaminated with the bovine feces; the oocysts were numerous on maggots (approximately 150 oocysts/maggot). Adult and larval stages of house flies breeding or having access to C. parvum-contaminated substrate will mechanically carry the oocysts in their digestive tracts and on their external surfaces.Cryptosporidium spp. are protozoan parasites infecting primarily the gastrointestinal, and to lesser extent, the respiratory, and renal epithelium of vertebrates.1,2 The infectious stage, the oocyst, is transmitted by the fecal-oral route and is often waterborne.3 Of eight valid Cryptosporidium species, 1 only Cryptosporidium parvum infects humans and represents a public health threat. 4 This zoonotic and anthroponotic parasite significantly contributes to the mortality of immunocompromised or immunosuppressed people 5 and can severely debilitate healthy, i.e., immunocompetent, populations 2 in which infections can be caused by as few as 30 oocysts. 6 In people with impaired immune systems, a single oocyst can initiate infection. 4 Insects, particularly refuse and promiscuous-landing synanthropic flies, i.e., house flies (Musca domestica), are known transport hosts for a variety of pathogens of public health importance. 7-12 Synanthropic flies, including pestiferous house flies, were identified as transport hosts of Sarcocystis sp., Toxoplasma gondii, Isospora spp., and Giardia spp. 7-11 Refuse house flies have been incriminated in transmission of helminth eggs, i.e., Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Enterobius vermicularis, Toxocara canis, and Strongyloides stercoralis, protozoan cysts and trophozoites, i.e., Entamoeba coli, Giardia spp., and Trichomonas spp., and bacteria such as Shigella sp., Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas.7-12 Eimeria tenella, the coccidian parasite of poultry, can be mechanically transmitted by house flies. 13 Cryptosporidium parvum is prevalent in preweaned cattle 14 in which the infections can produce high oocyst output sometimes exceeding 10 10 oocysts per day. 15 Cattle manure is recognized s...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

House flies (Musca domestica) as transport hosts of Cryptosporidium parvum.

Graczyk¹,

Cranfield²,

Fayer³

et al. 1999

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…6 Refuse and promiscuous-landing synanthropic filth flies are recognized transport hosts for a variety of parasites of public health and veterinary importance. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] These include the coccidian parasites Sarcocystis spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Isospora spp., and Eimeria tenella. 7,[10][11][12]14 Cryptosporidium parvum infections are particularly prevalent in pre-weaned cattle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical transport and transmission of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts by wild filth flies.

Graczyk¹,

Fayer²,

Knight³

et al. 2000

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Over the course of six months wild filth flies were collected from traps left for 7-10 days in a barn with or without a calf shedding Cryptosporidium parvum Genotype 2 oocysts in diarrheic feces. The oocysts of C. parvum transported on the flies' exoskeletons and eluted from their droplets left on visited surfaces were infectious for mice. The mean number of oocysts carried by a fly varied from 4 to 131, and the total oocyst number per collection varied from 56 to approximately 4.56 ϫ 10 3 . Fly abundance and intensity of mechanical transmission of infectious C. parvum oocysts were positively correlated, and both increased significantly when an infected calf was in the barn. Molecular data showed that the oocysts shed by infected calves were carried by flies for at least 3 weeks. Filth flies can acquire infectious C. parvum oocysts from unsanitary sites, deposit them on visited surfaces, and therefore may be involved in human or animal cryptosporidiosis.

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“…Experimental infection with Stx-negative O157 and bac-teriophage to the sheep: Approximately 10 9 cells of Stx non-producing O157:H7 (Stx-negative O157) originating from house fly [9], which was grown in BHI at 37°C for 16 hr with shaking, were orally inoculated to the sheep after the above experiments to isolate STEC. Then, five pieces of fresh feces were weekly collected for 20 weeks and directly plated on DHL and Sorbitol MacConkey (SMC; Eiken Co., Ltd.) agar plates, and O157 colonies were counted as described above.…”

Section: Sheepmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Excretion of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Experimental Infection of a Sheep with O157.

et al. 2002

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ABSTRACT. To investigate a long-term shedding of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) from sheep, a fifteen-month study for STEC isolation from a sheep, which had yielded STEC before, was attempted. The sheep continued to shed STEC and 39 STEC were isolated. The number of STEC in the feces was estimated at 1.7 × 10 3 per gram. In addition, although Stx1-negative O157 and stx2-encoding bacteriophage were experimentally infected to the sheep, Stx-positive O157 or Stx2-producing bacterial cells were not detected. The genetical and biochemical characterization of those 39 STEC strains showed that all STEC strains produced Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1) and were divided into three classes (I to III Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is associated with infectious diseases in humans and animals. Although the predominant STEC serotype associated with human infection is O157:H7 [6], non-O157 STEC can also cause human diseases [1,11]. Most STEC are non-pathogenic for animals, which result in such healthy animals as cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, poultry, dogs and cats [5,15,21,25,27], harboring STEC asymptomatically, while several STEC serotypes cause diseases in pigs and calves [4]. STEC survive in bovine and ovine slurry for a long time and can retain the potential to produce Stx [10,12]. Therefore, animals with STEC may be a major reservoir of human STEC infection. Generally, STEC is detected in 0.3-9.9% of cattle and in 0.9-49% of sheep [3,6,15,30]. When STEC was experimentally inoculated to sheep, it was excreted for up to 50 days [13,14,16]. These results strongly suggest that, as STEC might colonizeeasily in sheep, sheep might be an important reservoir of STEC that infect humans. In this study, we focused on the sheep from which STEC (serotypes O153:H25 and O2:Hnt) was isolated in July and November 1997, respectively [3], to examine its continued shedding of STEC, and also, the role of sheep in human STEC infection was discussed from the DNA analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sheep:A three-year-old male sheep, which was identified as a STEC carrying natural host in our previous paper [3], was fed individually on enough alfalfa pellets, dry wheat, hay and water freely during the study.Isolation of STEC by enrichment during 13 months: Five pieces of fresh feces were randomly collected from the sheep once a month for 13 months. STEC was isolated mainly by the method previously described [3]. Briefly, 1.0 g of each sample was inoculated into 10 ml of Brain Heart Infusion broth (BHI; Difco Lab., Detroit., MI, U.S.A.) supplemented with 5.0 µg/ml of vancomycin, followed by 20 hr of incubation at 37°C with shaking. Then, 0.1 ml of the culture was inoculated into 5 ml of BHI, followed by additional 6 hr of incubation at 37°C with shaking. One ml of the enrichment culture was screened by PCR with stx common primers [19]. PCR-positive culture samples were then inoculated to DHL agar (Eiken Co., Ltd., Tokyo) plates to produce discrete colonies, and 500 red colonies were used for colony hybridization by using a ...

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Detection ofEscherichia coliO157:H7 fromMusca domestica(Diptera: Muscidae) at a Cattle Farm in Japan

Cited by 123 publications

References 21 publications

House flies (Musca domestica) as transport hosts of Cryptosporidium parvum.

House flies (Musca domestica) as transport hosts of Cryptosporidium parvum.

Mechanical transport and transmission of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts by wild filth flies.

Long-Term Excretion of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Experimental Infection of a Sheep with O157.

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