Detection ofPlasmodium falciparum,P. vivax,P. ovale, andP. malariaeMerozoite Surface Protein 1-p19 Antibodies in Human Malaria Patients and Experimentally Infected Nonhuman Primates

Abstract

Approximately 3.2 billion people live in areas where malaria is endemic, and WHO estimates that 350 to 500 million malaria cases occur each year worldwide. This high prevalence, and the high frequency of international travel, creates significant risk for the exportation of malaria to countries where malaria is not endemic and for the introduction of malaria organisms into the blood supply. Since all four human infectious Plasmodium species have been transmitted by blood transfusion, we sought to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) capable of detecting antibodies elicited by infection with any of these species. The merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1), a P. falciparum and P. vivax vaccine candidate with a well-characterized immune response, was selected for use in the assay. The MSP1 genes from P. ovale and P. malariae The commercial ELISA detected all malaria patients with P. falciparum or P. vivax infections, as did the corresponding species-specific p19 ELISAs. However, the commercial ELISA detected antibodies in 0/2 and 5/8 individuals with P. malariae and P. ovale infections, respectively, while the p19 assays detected 100% of individuals with confirmed P. malariae or P. ovale infections. In experimentally infected nonhuman primates, the use of MSP1-p19 antigens from all four species resulted in the detection of antibodies within 2 to 10 weeks postinfection. Use of MSP1-p19 antigens from all four Plasmodium species in a single immunoassay would provide significantly improved efficacy compared to existing tests.

A Novel Malaria Pf/Pv Ab Rapid Diagnostic Test Using a Differential Diagnostic Marker Identified by Network Biology

“…It is further processed to 33-kDa and 19-kDa fragments. The 19-kDa C-terminal fragment remains on the surface of the merozoite and is highly immunogenic 21 , 45 - 49 . Thus, a 19-kDa C-terminal fragment of MSP1 (MSP1 19 ) has been utilized to develop vaccines.…”

“…Therefore, potential blood donors must be tested for antibodies against Plasmodium -derived antigens. However, only a few malaria antibody tests (Lab21 Healthcare Ltd., United Kingdom; Cellabs, Australia; Newmarket Laboratories Ltd., United Kingdom) are now commercially available in an ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) format rather than a RDT 21 , and most of them are still under evaluation for use in blood screening, especially in non-endemic areas. This is because TTM has been neglected until recently because of the main interest in blood safety against HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) 10 , 12 .…”

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata

“…Development of similar rapid diagnostic methods have been investigated in order to identify infections by Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium malariae using antibodies generated against merozoite surface protein 1, which are highly expressed among these pathogens [61,62]. Similarly, histidine-rich protein-2 (HRP-2) of P. falciparum and lactate dehydrogenase (Pv-pLDH) of P. vivax have been targeted in the FK80 kit (Standard Diagnostics, Korea) to differentially diagnose malaria infection caused by P. falciparum and P. vivax [63].…”

“…Similarly, histidine-rich protein-2 (HRP-2) of P. falciparum and lactate dehydrogenase (Pv-pLDH) of P. vivax have been targeted in the FK80 kit (Standard Diagnostics, Korea) to differentially diagnose malaria infection caused by P. falciparum and P. vivax [63]. Another successful attempt has been the development of ELISA-based antigen capture assays targeting nonstructural protein (NS1) for laboratory detection of acute primary and secondary dengue [61,64,65]. Our study provides a list of proteins which are uniquely or differentially expressed in C. albicans and C. glabrata which can be used in the development of such diagnostic tests.…”

Transfusion-transmitted malaria: case report of asymptomatic donor harboring Plasmodium malariae

“…In France, a multicentre study was performed in nine blood banks to compare IFAT and DiaMed ELISA, obtaining a rate of concordance of 92.6% in retrospective samples and 97% in the prospective group, corroborating with the potential use of ELISA test in blood bank screening, as an alternative to the IFAT in non-endemic areas 14 . Since all human Plasmodia have been implicated in transfusional malaria, a new assay based on detection of antibodies anti MSP1 19 of P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale and P. vivax is now available 26 .…”