Detection of imidacloprid and metabolites in Northern Leopard frog (Rana pipiens) brains

Promising Delivery Platform for Smart Pest Control with High Water-Retaining Capacity

“…Imidacloprid is a broad-spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide with excellent systemic and contact activity. Active ingredients are absorbed by plants and then ingested by target organisms to exert insecticidal activity . Target organisms are sucking insects such as aphids, leaf- and planthoppers, thrips, and so on.…”

“…Active ingredients are absorbed by plants and then ingested by target organisms to exert insecticidal activity. 40 Target organisms are sucking insects such as aphids, leaf-and planthoppers, thrips, and so on. The excellent system performance of the product makes it particularly suitable for seed dressing applications.…”

“…Herein, in this study, using poly­(β-cyclodextrin) (P­(β-CD)) and adamantane-grafted PAA (PAA–Ada) as co-hydrogelators, a series of insecticide-loaded hydrogels were prepared through the host–guest interactions (Scheme ). Three commonly used soil treatment insecticides, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and fipronil, were chosen for their significant agronomic importance and loaded into the hydrogel network by directly mixing to verify the universality of this controlled delivery platform. − The obtained insecticide-loaded hydrogels exhibited good swelling as a water-retaining agent for sandy soil, high environmental safety, and control efficiency against aphids. In addition, they can response to multiple external factors (temperature, pH, and enzymes) to release insecticides in a controlled manner.…”

Connecting the Pipes: Agricultural Tile Drains and Elevated Imidacloprid Brain Concentrations in Juvenile Northern Leopard Frogs (Rana pipiens)

“…Recent studies have confirmed that imidacloprid, a common neonicotinoid, can cross the blood–brain barrier in adult northern leopard frogs (R. pipiens) and found aqueous exposure delayed reaction times to a food stimulus and simulated predators . Furthermore, neonicotinoids can negatively impact other nontarget organisms by inducing vision loss in bumblebees, pathological and structural changes in the brain and liver of birds, brain cell DNA damage in rats, and decreased aquatic insect abundance. − …”

“…30−33 Despite the known deleterious impacts of neonicotinoids on nontarget organisms and aquatic ecosystems, little work has been done to investigate how these neurotoxic insecticides impact the brain and liver of nontarget aquatic organisms, such as amphibians. Although imidacloprid was recently detected in adult amphibian brains, 28 it is unclear if this would occur under field conditions where contaminants are readily absorbed by other media including sediment, aquatic plants, algae, and aquatic invertebrates. Furthermore, juvenile and adult amphibians often have varying responses to the same contaminant and there are currently no studies that have investigated the ability of imidacloprid to cross the blood−brain barrier in juvenile amphibians under ecological conditions.…”